Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids

Random Walks for P2P Resource Discovery in Grids Abstraction: Peer-to-peer ( P2P ) resource locale methods in grid agreements have been soon investigated to achieve scalability, dependability, efficiency, fault-tolerance, protection, and hardiness. Query declaration for detecting resources and advise informations on their ain resource rank in these agreements can be inattentive as the reverse of allowing one equal to achieve a unconditioned think of Earth informations described on all equals of a P2P unstructured web. In this paper, the agreement is embodied as a set of nodes related to organize a P2P web whereas every individual node holds a piece of informations that is needed to be communicated to all the participants. Furthermore, we accept that the informations can vibrantly alter and that every individual equal sporadically needs to admission the benefits of the informations of all auxiliary equals. A fresh manner established on a changeless flow of use packages exchanged amid the nodes using the random amble rule and rateless cryptograph y is proposed. An advanced rateless decrypting mechanism that is able to get by aboard asynchronous informations updates is to boot proposed. The presentation of the counseled agreement is assessed both analytically and by experimentation by simulation. The analytical wake show that the counseled scheme warrants speedy diffusion of the informations and graduated tables good to colossal webs. Simulations display that the method is competent to boot in attending of web and information kineticss.debutPEER-TO-PEER ( P2P ) resource locale methods in grid agreements have been investigated to achieve scalability, dependability, efficiency, fault-tolerance, protection, and robustness.To this conclude, structured, unstructured, and intercrossed P2P agreements have been believed and the comparative virtues and drawbacks have been highlighted [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . Countless propositions working unstructured P2P agreements apportion a public feature: Grid nodes inside one official country sporadicall y query for detecting resources and advise informations on their ain resource rank across one or excess interface equals. The interface equals ( normally those alongside the biggest capacity ) frolic two chief functions: they are related to auxiliary interface peersforming a P2P unstructured web that is utilised to onward ( and reply to ) questions on the behalf of nodes in its official sphere. They amass and uphold informations of all nodes in the innate functionary domain.Query declaration in these agreements can be inattentive as the reverse of allowing one equal to achieve a unconditioned think of Earth informations described on all equals of a P2P unstructured web. In peculiar, we accept that every individual equal holds a piece of informations ( the sum resource ranks of all nodes in its official sphere ) and that each equal needs to admission the benefits of the informations of all auxiliary equals sporadically at rate _ queries=sec. The purposes to be attained are treble: ea rly, one wants to assure that every individual node is likely to accumulate the finished Earth informations in a timely manner. Furthermore, the contact operating expense have to be retained every bit manipulated as likely to besiege cloging the web. Finally, the processing use of every individual node have to be utilised parsimoniously.Related work:The reverse of informations meeting in distributed agreements has been confronted aboard infinite disparate instruments and approaches.A early category of methods are those established on probabilistic gossipmongering [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . Probabilistic gossipmongering has been utilized both to calculate a intent of the Earth informations, e.g. , norms, and to truly range innate informations across a web as in our scenes even though such methods rely on a set of premises that are tough to assure in exercising [ 5 ] . Noteworthy enterprises to beat a small of these restrictions in the span of epidemic airing are [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] that effect in clo se to optimal latency-bandwidth trade-of. In peculiar, [ 6 ] utilizations flow use on the maximal rate at that a member can show updates missing crafting a backlog and devises content rapprochement mechanisms to cut memo redundancy. In [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] exploitation/ execution of topological belongingss of the web are counseled to heighten the presentation of the informations airing procedure. Algebraic Gossip, counseled in, is the early algorithm turn toing informations meeting alongside web cryptography. In this paper a chitchat algorithm established on NC is gave, and it is proved that the spreading period of this algorithm is O?K? , whereK & A ; lt ; Nis the figure of nodes possessing a small information to distribute. This algorithm is highly comparable to classical North carolina: at every individual transmittal chance, every individual node sends to one more node a additive combination, computed in Galois Earth GF?q? alongside q _ K, of the beforehand consented packages. However, NC exhibits a elevated computational elaborateness [ 12 ] , due to the monetary value of the cryptography and decryption processs gave in high-order GF. Furthermore, every individual package demands cushioning of auxiliary Klog2?q? & A ; gt ; Klog2?K? spots. Such embroidering bends to be impossible for colossal webs ; as an illustration, if K ? 1 ; 000 every individual package needs excess than 104 embroidering spots. Finally, the writers advocate that the memo size m ought to scale alongside the size of the web, as it is needed that m _ log?q? . A disparate manner is to hive away and craft packages using rateless codifications. In [ 13 ] distributed fountain codifications are counseled for networked storage. To craft a new encoded package, every individual storage node asks informations to a indiscriminately selected node of the web. The receiving system replies to the company despatching its informations, that will be utilized by the company to encode a new package. A comparable algorithm is counseled in [ 14 ] , whereas the coded package formation mechanism is reversed ; in this instance, the nodes that shops the informations despatch random Walkers embracing the information. The storage nodes store this information and trade encoded packages XORing a small of the informations they by now received. At the conclude of the process, every individual storage node shops an encoded package, and it is likely to repossess the early informations questioning each K ? _ indiscriminately selected storage nodes. Development codifications, counseled in [ 15 ] , utilize a comparable method but advocate a peculiar grade allotment for the rateless codifications to maximise the informations continuity in attending of a lone i nformation aggregator node. In all the beforehand gave documents, the construct of the codifications is node-centric, i.e. , the nodes cope alongside the informations meeting and the encoding operations this duty is allocated to the packages. The mark of this work is to utilize peculiar random Walkers, shouted as rateless packages, for distributed storage of informations in WSN. Every individual node creates a precise figure of ratelesspackets, that are chiefly empty packages that excursion across the web as random Walkers. The purpose in [ 16 ] is to utilize packages encoded in a distributed manner that will be stored at random locations in the web to maximise informations continuity in the WSN. Every individual rateless package is associated alongside a grade selected prosecuting the mean Luby Change ( LT ) grade allotment, and T, the blending period of the graph, is conjectural to be known. Every individual rateless package performs a random amble across the web and a fresh information is joined simply after every individual T hops ; after a new information is added the package grade is decreased by one. After the grade becomes zero, the rateless package performs t auxiliary hops to hit the node that will hive away it. Though, the focal point of the paper is to lift informations continuity ; the period needed for the allotment of the rateless packages is non studied.PROPOSED WorkIn this paper we ideal the interface equals of a Grid agreement and the connexions amid them as a graph G?V ; E? , whereas V and E are the set of interface equals and boundary lines associating them, severally. Every individual node of the web is exceptionally recognized by an identifier ID. The ID can be allocated by a fixed rendezvous node, e.g. , a tracker, or can be embodied by the IP, haven reference of the node. Every individual node vj 2 V owns an m-bits informations ten tjvj, whereas tj is a time-stamp or an whole number that is incremented every individual period the informations in vj alterations. To clarify the notation in the remainder of the paper we accept that vj coincides alongside the ID of node ; tj is usually denoted to as the creative activity figure. In our scenes a node can advise its informations asynchronously alongside regard to the remainder of the web, lifting the creative activity associated alongside the information. The purpose of nodes is to discourse aboard one one more the corresponding informations, so as to grok a coincident screening of all the informations amassed by all the nodes in the web. This have to be completed indefinitely often at an arbitrary rate _ by every individual node. This observation Torahs out each centralised declaration whereas all nodes study to a public monitoring node, that in spiral have to propagate the amassed informations to all the participants. This manner is clearly impossible because it imposes a immense figure of traffic to and from the monitoring node, non to note the topics connected to the ballot and exposure of a centralised sink Therefore, in this paper we advocate a to the full distributed declaration established on random walks. Every individual node is allowed to onset a manipulated figure tungsten of packages that are the random Walkers propagating the information in the web. The parametric quantity w clearly permits one to manipulation the figure of traffic inoculated in the web. On every individual response by a node, the package is forwarded to a random familiarity hence groking a easy signifier of probabilistic gossipmongering. It is good recognized that web coding declarations, e.g. , hold oning additive combinations of the amassed information, increases the presentation in words of throughput, hardiness and continuity. On the auxiliary manus, coding ways display two chief defects. The early and most erudite topic is embodied by the added computational complexness. A likely declaration that has by now been counseled in the plants is to clarify the early random web coding manner, that needs one to fa ll in the information blocks in elevated order Galois Field, alongside agreements established on easy binary combinations, e.g. , XOR. Our work headers alongside the elaborateness capable using a easy category of rateless codifications, recognized as Luby Change codes [ 19 ] . The subsequent most relevant defect of NC is embodied the unlikeliness for a node to advise asynchronously the informations it merges missing calamitously impacting on the decryption accomplishment of all the auxiliary nodes. Indeed, the nodes retain roll uping additive combinations of a set of terra incognitas till they prosperously invert the corresponding agreement of equations. Clearly, the agreement of additive equations is meaningful if one keeps fall ining the similar information. On the contrary, in this paper we advocate a fresh decryption manner for LT codifications that is resilient to asynchronous accommodations of the information. In decision, we allow every individual node propagate a fixed figur e of packages hold oning coded informations of the nodes that the packages have hit giving a random amble aboard G?V ; E? . All the nodes use the consented packages to decide a agreement of additive equations allowing them to repossess the informations associated alongside all the informations collected by the web in a timely, finished and robust way.In the prosecuting the characteristics of the counseled random amble coding scheme and the design of the fresh LT decryption algorithm are presented. This estimate might be computed by the nodes spoting the IDs of the nodes encompassed in the beforehand consented equations. To get by alongside the construct of the equation harmonizing to the RSD, every individual package carries in the heading part the indicating of the grade dF that have to be attained by the equation below formation in the package ( that in our scenes is the early equation composed in the package organic structure signifier left to compensate ) . After a node vj at creative activity tj receives a package, it checks if the grade of the early equation stored in the package has grasped the demanded grade. If dF & A ; gt ; d1, and therefore the mark grade has non been grasped yet, the node performs three operations: it XORs its informations to the word c1, i.e. , c1 ? c1 _ Next the degree d1 of the equation is incremented and the corresponding Earth in the package updated. Finally, the node vj and the information timestamp tj are appended to the equation. On the auxiliary manus, if dF ? d1, the early equation has by now attained the demanded grade, therefore a new equation is crafted and stored as the new early equation, as the auxiliary equations are advanced, for example, eqi becomes eqi?1 for I ? 1. . . k. To craft a new equation eq1 a node draws a random grade from RSD and shops it in the dF Earth of the package heading. Following d1 ? 1 is set, its vj, its existent timestamp tj and informations c1 ? x tj vj are composed in the proper Fieldss. Every individual package crafted or notified by a node is following forwarded to one more node, indiscriminately selected amid the innate neighbours. The figure of hops globally seized by a package is non manipulated in our system. The merely restriction is embodied by the maximal package size DIM, that is normally imposed by the maximal transportation component allowed by the implicit in contact cognition at the physical bed. After a package ways the maximal dimension DIM, the eldest equation grasped by it is deleted as it is highly likely to keep aged or by now recognized information. 3.1Random Walk LT Coding In instance of a vivacious web, whereas nodes can randomly nexus and go the graph G?V ; E? and/or in attending of undependable links that coil into package lickings, a mechanism to admit the attending of a given package in the web have to be devised. As an illustration, an acknowledgement timer ( a Time-to-Live field ) and the reference of the conceiver can be added to the message. As usual, The acknowledgement timer Earth is initialized to a steady worth on the package construct, following every individual node decreases it on every individual hop. After the acknowledgement timer reaches 0 the consenting node acknowledges the conceiver that its random Walker is yet alive. The accepting node to boot resets the acknowledgement timer to the early value. The conceiver of the package uses a timer to detect package losingss ; after a timer expires beforehand the response of the corresponding recognition memo the node is allowed to renew the package. 3.2 ASYNCHRONOUS LT Decoding: The information scope by the random Walkers can be recouped by each node in the web every bit rapidly as the figure of equations needed to show an LT decryption algorithm has been collected. As our purpose is to retrace the information every bit fleetly as likely, all the equations grasped by every individual package, embracing the 1s that are yet in advancement, are buffered by every individual node. If we accept that the figure of nodes jV J in the web is equal to N, the decipherer undertaking can be formulated as the declaration of the agreement of additive equations Gx ? c whereas G is an N _ N binary1 matrix whose lines embody the N likely independent equations amassed by the node, x and degree Celsiuss are N _ 1 column vectors stand foring the N unfamiliar pieces of informations and the corresponding buffered additive combinations grasped by the packages warheads. Both x and hundred encompass m-bit elements. The node can reimburse all the informations x using a progressive sign ifier of Gaussian Elimination to decide the system. Clearly, this will necessitate all the nodes in the web to retain their informations sweetheart to besiege unhinging the declaration of the system.Consequences and executionIn this helping we furnish anscutiny of the period needed to run all the innate informations to all the members in the web, that in the pursuing is described as recovery clip. In peculiar, we are interested in patterning the recovery period as a intent of the size of the innate informations m, the figure of random Walkers generated each node tungsten and figure of nodes in the web N, given the restraint on the maximal size of the random amble packages DIM. Furthermore, the counseled analytical ideal licenses to difference the coded manner versus an correspondent agreement missing cryptography, i.e. , after the information is gossiped explicitly. In fact, the counseled manner degenerates into an uncoded agreement if one Decision:In this paper we have shown that the present progresss in rateless cryptography and decryption can be lucratively exploited to carry through a robust and timely P2P resource venue method in Grid systems. The chief freshness of the counseled manner lies in the usage of web coding rules in a scenario whereas innate informations can be notified asynchronously. Furthermore, as challenged to a small signifiers of distributed storage counseled in the plants, our proposition realizes a changeless notify of the Earth informations across the finished distributed agreement, as maintaining the figure of traffic below control. From the algorithmic point of think, the chief part is embodied by the design of a fresh decipherer for rateless codifications that is robust to asynchronous updates of the information. One more interesting effect that we attained is the advancement of a easy analytical ideal for the appraisal of the period needed to run the information as a intent of the web and information sizes, given a restraint on the MTU allowed by the gettable transmittal protocol. Such a ideal can be exploited for the appraisal of the presentation and for the choice of a small critical parametric quantities of the system. The analytical wake show that the counseled coded manner reduces the period needed to discourse all the informations aboard respect to an correspondent system missing coding. Furthermore we clarify that such addition additions alongside the size of the informations to be scope, or analogously after the MTU shall be highly limited. One more paramount effect is that the encoded agreement graduated tables larger than the uncoded 1 after the figure of nodes in the distributed agreement additions. RoentgenEFERENCES [ 1 ] P. Trunfio, D. Talia, H. Papadakis, P. Fragopoulou, M. Mordacchini, M. Pennanen, K. Popov, V. Vlassov, and S. Haridi, â€Å"Peer-to-Peer Resource Discovery in Grids: Models and Systems, † Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 864-878, 2007. [ 2 ] V. Vijayakumar, R.S. WahidaBanu, and J.H. Abawajy, â€Å"An Efficient Approach Based on Trust and Reputation for Secured Selection of Grid Resources, † Int’l J. Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2012. [ 3 ] A. Kermarrec, L. Massouli_e, and A. Ganesh, â€Å"Probabilistic Reliable Dissemination in Large-scale Systems, † IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 248-258, Mar. 2003. [ 4 ] M. Jelasity, A. Montresor, and O. Babaoglu, â€Å"Gossip-Based Aggregation in Large Dynamic Networks, † ACM Trans. Computer Systems, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 219-252, Aug. 2005. [ 5 ] L. Alvisi, et al. , â€Å"How Robust are Gossip-Based Communication Protocols? †Operating Systems Rev. , vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 14-18, Oct. 2007. [ 6 ] R. new wave Renesse, D. Dumitriu, V. Gough, and C. Thomas, â€Å"Efficient Reconciliation and Flow Control for Anti-Entropy Protocols, † Proc. Second Workshop Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware ( LADIS ’08 ) , 2008. [ 7 ] N. Carvalho, J. Pereira, R. Oliveira, and L. Rodrigues, â€Å"Emergent Structure in Unstructured Epidemic Multicast, † Proc. 37th Ann. IEEE/IFIP Int’l Conf. Reliable Systems and Networks ( DSN ’07 ) , pp. 481-490, 2007. [ 8 ] J. Leitao, J. Pereira, and L. Rodrigues, â€Å"Hyparview: A Membership Protocol for Reliable Gossip-Based Broadcast, † Proc. 37th Ann. IEEE/IFIP Int’l Conf. Reliable Systems and Networks ( DSN ’07 ) , pp. 419-429, 2007.

Oh Mary Don’t You Cry Any More Essay

The short story by Fay Weldon is about a small family of three, the mother Shirley and her daughters Gracey and Lisa, their life on the small island Tasmania and it is about their attempt to achieve happiness. * In the beginning of the story we learn, that the girls Gracey and Lisa doesn’t wear shoes or even new clothes, because their mother believes, that their feet will grow better without shoes confining them, and that they shouldn’t spend their money on new clothes, as the well-worn clothes show it of the girls’ pretty bodies. We learn that Gracey is the prettier and elder one of the two girls. The family doesn’t have a lot of money, as the girls’ father has left them to start a new life on the mainland. He finally had finally had enough when Shirley cheated on him. He had been the family’s main income, as Shirley doesn’t work. The father, having started a new family on the mainland, doesn’t visit much nor is he generous in paying alimony. When the girls don’t have a father figure, it is Shirley’s responsibility to raise the girls. Shirley wants to raise them to be optimistic and she tries to make sure, that they don’t suffer from her mistakes, in regard to their ‘dad’. Shirley feels that Tasmania is paradise and that it will always protect her and the girls, but Gracey is skeptic; she’s seen how hard and inhumane the pretty island can be. Gracey’s guitar and dance lessons, is something Shirley can scrape money together for, but the family doesn’t have a freezer or a car, and their house was full of gabs and holes being left unfixed. As time goes on, Shirley gets older and so does her friends, while they have rich husbands and sophisticated lives, Shirley keeps on being free-spirited and sort of stranded in her glory days, where everyone was free. Shirley is and will always be a hippie. Money from the girls’ estranged father comes few and far in between, Shirley still doesn’t have a job, so the state steps in. Shirley then tells the girls, that the universe is kind and helpful, she tells them to work hard, so that they can have the opportunity to help others in the future. So Lisa starts studying hard and Gracey works hard with her dance and guitar, so that time and money isn’t wasted. Shirley has a one night stand with her best friend’s husband, and is, after all the awkwardness has subsided, shut out of the society. Shirley tells her girls, that they should see life as love, touching and closeness, and that sex is a part of life and nothing to be ashamed of. Gracey is a good singer and Shirley makes it a point to show her of, to everyone in Hobart, by hosting a simple Sunday brunch, which means vegetable soup, bacon and beans. Gracey suspects a pattern or maybe more of a schedule, which the community seems to have made, so that they know when to show up. And only the wives came, as the men are busy people. Gracey gets a lot of praise, but her younger sister Lisa doesn’t seem jealous, she just keeps on struggling with piano lessons, so that she will be able to fit in with Shirley’s guitar and Gracey’s voice. The folk song they play fit Gracey’s voice, as they are pure, full of hope, life and love, but with an underlying hint of melancholy. Gracey is suddenly on the edge between childhood and adolescence, she is in a vulnerable state and Shirley suddenly worries about boys and whether there is anyone good enough for her daughter. Shirley also feels, that she’s taught her girls to be self-reliant – to go after what they want. As autumn comes, so does a growth spurt Gracey’s feet and they go from a size 5 to a 7. Autumns golden leaves are expected to blow around the island, with the force of the Roaring Forties, soon. There is an end-of-term cabaret on the school, and an official from the mainland is going to there. Shirley sees it as the perfect chance for Gracey to show her talent. The four different costumes wouldn’t be difficult; Shirley can just make them herself. The four different shoes, however is another story entirely because of Gracey’s very new size means new shoes and new shoes mean spending money, which Shirley doesn’t have. Shirley and Lisa cries, but once again it is Gracey, who is brave and realistic, as she tries to comfort her mother and sister. Shirley gets the idea that they should work for the money, at the Hobart Marked. Shirley plays her guitar, Gracey sings and Lisa held the sheets. They play the song: â€Å"Oh, Mary Don’t You Cry Any More†. Gracey’s young voice doesn’t have any power against the wind; just as charming and miraculous as it was I the family room, just as shrill and noiseless is it on the street. Nobody can hear her, but even if they could they just walk on by, embarrassed or appalled by their weak performance. The cold hard winter winds arrives and shoots down their already weak performance, but doing so saves Gracey by forcing the words of their sad song back into her mouth, and she finally gets to cry. Shirley being the optimistic person she is tells the girls, that they could have done it if not for the wind, but Gracey is fully aware of how wrong her mother is. * As we read Shirley was a hippie and her way of looking at things was a bit too optimistic, like she’s being too happy so that she won’t have to face things. And that’s where I think we should find the theme of this story; around Shirley, as she is what this story revolves around – her and her daughters, not her daughters and her. I think the theme is ‘Broken Dreams’ and I think that because of Shirley’s entire view on the world is a dream, a dream she tries to get her daughters to see too. And I think, that maybe what is really important in this story is, that if Shirley had stopped trying to find the ‘perfect’ happiness, then maybe she could have ended the story being happy with her girls.

Child Case Study

Child Case Study Physical Presence and Gesture: Brady is a boy who is 7 yrs. 3 months in age. For his age Brady appears to be large in size. He stands 4 ft. 6 inches tall and weighs 95 pounds. Next to his peers Brady stands out as he is in the 99th percentile for both height and weight. Brady is the oldest child of 4. Brady has short brown hair, big brown eyes, and a big smile. When Brady is smiling the gap in his front teeth is very noticeable as well as his dimples. When Brady is feeling mischievous he gets slightly cross-eyes but only for a brief moment.Brady has big ears and his right ear is missing cartilage causing it to fold over slightly. Brady has several freckles and a couple of tiny moles on his cheeks. Brady has a creamy white complexion but when frustrated becomes very red in the cheeks as well as on the tops of his ears. Brady’s head is very circular and seems a bit large for his body. Brady has what some might consider a flat face. He has a button nose, big chee ks, and very long, thick eyelashes. Brady is quite stalky with a little bit of chubbiness about him. Brady likes to fidget and is constantly moving.He likes to sway his arms, kick his feet, fidget with his fingers; he is constantly moving some body part. Disposition & Temperament Brady is diagnosed as having an anger disorder and ODD. Brady likes to talk a lot and is very inquisitive. Brady is also gifted/talented causing him to become bored easily if he is not challenged. Brady is easily angered and is often triggered to an anger outburst by simple rejections. Brady at times can be very loving and cuddly. Brady fears being alone and is scared to be in a room when nobody is present. Brady appears to have two sides to him.When Brady is not triggered by anger outbursts he is very friendly, kind, has a heart of gold, is helpful to others, likes to play with his friends & siblings, doesn’t seem so fearful of small everyday events and situations, and yet when he is experiencing an ger outbursts his anxiety level is extreme, he is harmful to himself/others, makes threats to kill people (has begun to tell them how he would kill them), states that he sees monsters/alligators, becomes extremely hot, and then when the outbursts are depleting he begins to feel sick to his stomach, coughs, and cries. Sometimes Brady feels remorse for his actions, but most likely not.Brady has been physical with his siblings/friends & mother. Brady has hit things (causing himself to break his pinky), smashed things, and threatened to run away. Brady takes medication for his outbursts but they don’t seem to be working. There are sometimes where these angry bouts disappear for a couple of weeks and then there are times where they happen several times throughout one day. Connections with other people Brady values his friendships that he does have and his relationships with teachers/authority. It takes a very long time for Brady to open up to others and trust is not something that Brady easily comes by.Brady likes to learn a lot about a person before he decides if they will be of value to him. Once Brady has developed close relationships he tends to try to purposely destroy these relationships by being hurtful to others. He says hurtful thing’s, he becomes cold and distant, and then becomes sad when the other person gets angry or upset with him. He doesn’t seem to want these relationships to end when all is considered. Brady is very funny. Brady likes to talk in different voices and enjoys making people laugh. Brady looks for reassurance when he says something funny.Brady loves to give hugs and kisses and loves to cuddle. Brady seems to become more engaged with peers much older than him. Brady began the current school year in first grade and was skipped to second. Brady did not build any friendships in his first grade class and only has a couple in his second grade class. Brady tends to attach to the older children in school between the fifth a nd sixth grade. Brady spends a great portion of his day out of the classroom and in the guidance office, this is where Brady has developed these friendships. Brady has two close friends who are both seven years of age.Brady spends time at their homes but not often as he prefers to have his friends over to his house. Brady likes to play video games with his friends, tag, and they enjoy making their own activities up. Brady has two younger brothers who are 4 & 5 and Brady doesn’t always choose to play with them. Brady is often annoyed and irritated by the noise that he brothers make and he does not enjoy playing using the imagination. Brady has a great relationship with his one year old sister and is a wonderful big brother. Only when Brady is in an anger outburst does he make mean comments about the baby.At times he calls her stupid baby, shut up baby, etc. He has not harmed his sister as he has his brothers. Brady is very attached to his mother and suffers a great deal of sep aration anxiety. Four days a month Brady goes to his father’s house with his five year old brother, step mother, and step brother (15). Brady does not have a close relationship with his real father as he is angry about the divorce and his father’s lack of presence in his life. Brady does not enjoy his step brother because he states that his step brother does not play with him or engage with him and his sibling.Brady is very close with his stepfather. Brady values his relationship with his stepfather and always seeks to spend time with him. Brady enjoys his stepfather’s sense of humor and they have a very close bond and mutual respect for each other. Brady enjoys helping his stepfather lift weights, work on vehicles, tinker with tools, and play video games or trucks together. Strong Interests & Preferences Brady’s main preference is to play with electronics. Brady enjoys playing his XBOX 360. There is much controversy between him and his mother about what games should be age appropriate.As he is 7 but is much more mature for his age, his mother allows him to play games that may not seem appropriate. Brady likes to play war games, shooting games, and some strategy games. He also enjoys playing with the laptop and talking with friends through instant message and texting. The activities that Brady prefers are for the teenage years and he gets upset when he is told this. There are some times where he will become engaged in a game with his brother around the house of hide & seek, tag, board games, etc. but that is generally when he is told that he can’t have electronics.He enjoys playing board games such as Monopoly, Chess, Yahtzee, and Memory. He is very inquisitive when it comes to learning new games and likes to play until he has mastered the game. Brady participates in Border Hoop. He enjoys playing basketball and when weather permits spends most of his time practicing at home. He likes to play basketball with his stepfather an d learn new techniques. He asks a lot of questions, pays very close attention to body movement, and continuously practices new techniques until he has them down. This year will be Brady’s first attempt at soccer.Modes of Thinking & Learning Brady is a very hand’s on learner. He enjoys learning new math problems, new spelling words, and new ways to solve problems. When Brady becomes intrigues by a new subject he likes to fully research that subject until he knows the ins and outs. He is very thorough in his learning technique and quickly finds shortcuts to solving problems. He enjoys learning big numbers using the calculator and asks people to give him hard problems. Brady learns a lot by asking a lot of questions. Generally one answer to a question leads to long conversations.He loves to hear of others experiences and later will recap the story to someone else pretending that it was him who experienced it. He fully applies himself to written work and is far ahead of hi s age group. Brady’s school was very impressed by his IQ score and other academic scores. Brady spends about an hour each week with his schools gifted/talented teacher. Brady’s mom does not think that this is enough time and thinks that it should be more time. With Brady lacking in the social area, too much time out of the regular classroom would not be beneficial for his education.Brady has been told many times by his teachers and administrators that he is very smart and so he is afraid to fail. He approaches challenges by avoiding them. When he begins to struggle with something academically he will not seek help as he feels as though he has not met the expectations of those who think he is extremely smart. He is beginning to learn that the point of education is to struggle so that he can learn. He has had to be explained to him that if he wasn’t struggling in any area then he would know everything and wouldn’t need to be educated. That would be no fun, and that challenges are always a great thing.

Coca-cola Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Coca-cola Enterprises - Essay Example In this regard, the aim of the paper is to present a critical analysis of Coca-Cola Enterprises’ code of business conduct in terms of incorporating the three key components which exemplify the organisation’s values and adherence to business ethics. Critical Analysis of the Code Following a search for the organisation’s code of conduct, one oriented towards the stakeholders of the company was found: the Ethics and Compliance Office (Coca-Cola Enterprises, Code of Business Conduct, 2012). It was revealed that the Ethics and Compliance Office was tasked with the mission of designing an appropriate working environment that adheres to ethical standards. As such, it was disclosed that the â€Å"Code, serves as the foundation of the ethics and compliance program at CCE† (Coca-Cola Enterprises, Code of Business Conduct, 2012: Paragraph 2). ... by and follow the â€Å"RIGHT Way model of ethical values; (where the acronym RIGHT means maintaining) Respect, Integrity, Good judgement, Honesty and Trust† (CCE, CBC, 2012: p i) and forms an intergral value foundation of the organization’s way of doing business and conducting behavior with those they interact with. Similarly, another welcome message was produced by CCE’s Chief Compliance and Risk Officer and Vice President, Janice Placente, reiterating the mission of her office. The inclusion of these messages is relevant and consistent with content that is crucial in a code of conduct to affirm support from the top officers of the organisation’s hierarchy. This approach is also consistent with Erwin’s (2011) study, which indicated that integrating such items as part of the code implies it is of high quality, and so was effective in enforcing the guidelines contained therein. There is a table of contents which highlights the major points that are presented, as well as relevant supporting information. The entire code contains twenty-one pages from the introduction to the references. The major areas include: guidelines for personnel in interacting with colleagues; promotion of safety and health standards; preventing substance abuse; working with customers and suppliers; interacting with competitors; avoiding conflicts of interest; protecting company assets; maintaining accurate records; ensuring that the organization abides by laws on anti-corruption; ensuring that insider dealing is strictly avoided; preserving and conserving the environment; as well as actively collaborating with government agencies, as required (CCE, CBC, 2012: p. iii). The contents are indicative of the CCE’s commitment to provide guidelines to all stakeholders: from management to

Scottsdale Journey Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scottsdale Journey Stories - Essay Example Scottsdale is one of the cities found within the state of Arizona and has a population of over 200,000 people according to the 2010 data sourced from the United States census bureau. Scottsdale is also known as the desert version of Miami due to the similarity it has with the south beach and the numerous partying found within this locality. The city of Scottsdale is believed to have been originally occupied by the Hohokam, a culture that belongs to the pre-historic era according to archeological information. The city of Scottsdale has for long organized the Scottsdale arts festival, an event that showcases the cultural and art gallery of the state to demonstrate the heritage of the city. The Scottsdale has also been ranked as the best in arts culture festival event in the United States according to the American style magazine. A section of Scottsdale hosts a number of art galleries leries and museums that are open to the public to enable them appreciate the tradition of the city.Jour ney stories are a Smithsonian exhibition that is used to tell the story of the evolution and growth of a nation. These stories are used to illustrate the thrill of travel as well the problems that one can meet while travelling through the different parts of the United States. In this paper, the journey story of the city of Scottsdale in Arizona will be conducted according to the Smithsonian exhibition. The journey stories have been used to tell us the progress that was made in the development of America to illuminate the heritage and the diversity of our people. It provides a better picture of how the American transport and communication system was built and the struggles the characterized the building of a nation (Higgins 34). The journey story of the city of Scottsdale seeks to highlight the tales of the ancestor and how they moved to America from their original lands. The journey story to Scottsdale explores the major connections in the city which can be associated with the Smith sonian’s journey stories. This area has for long been considered as the center of migration within the state of Arizona due to the numerous transportation and crossroad networks within the state. The trails, roads, railways, highways and the air transport networks within the city have provided a lot of business opportunity for the people of Scottsdale. The city is also characterized b y economic prosperity, religious freedom and opportunities for thrilling adventures (Bennett 43). The Scottsdale public arts exhibition has been used for several years to show the historical background and cultural heritage of the city. In this exhibition conducted in partnership with the Scottsdale public library, the educational and cultural riches of the city are made available and open to the public for viewing. These programs have been used to create public awareness of the art and increase public interest towards the cultural developments that have been witnessed in the city (Higgins 24). In this journey across the city of Scottsdale, the magnificent roads, rail network and the tradition prehistoric sites will be visited to provide a clear picture of the city today and in the past. The Scottsdale seen today that is characterized by a number of skyscrapers was not present a century ago and this progress in the development of proper housing structure began with the struggles of the forefathers. The town of Arizona has fences built around different homes and buildings, a feature to highlight the need for security to protect our homes and villages. These fences are made from decorative structures which form part of the beautiful landscape that we see today in different parts of the city (Farquhar 2). The kolaces, the spaetzle and the perogie that is a common diet for most of the people around the city of Scottsdale has a tradition background with this place. The culture of the old Scottsdale has thus influenced the eating habits of the present Scottsdale. The recipes, me nus and the ceremonies

America and It's Independent State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

America and It's Independent State - Essay Example This essay stresses that once considered for centuries to be a precious commodity, freedom and liberty were now within the grasp of those who wished to seek it for themselves and for generations to come. To have leaders that would serve those who relied upon them in such a manner that it would break away from centuries of oppression by one ruler over many whom they were supposed to be ruling. Giving way to the idea of a republic rather than a kingdom. A republic that would be united not just around one solitary ruler whose power was seen as tyrannical and totalitarian, but rather form a commanding force that would unite all of the citizenry together behind their ruling power so that they may, for the first time in history, be one people joined together under one nation. This paper makes a conclusion that a chance to live in a liberated manner that would garner them the chance to be in a free, democratic republic that would give the chance to have legal decisions for the republic made by a representing body that was chosen, in the end, â€Å"by the people & for the people.† Ultimately, what the American Independence Day meas in the end is the understanding of the importance of living in a free existence for the common good and the realization that in order to achieve such a free existence to have liberty and representation that is independent, the framers were correct in asserting that American did in fact have to declare as such.

Comprehensive Developmental School Counseling Essay

Comprehensive Developmental School Counseling - Essay Example By taking this approach, I would be in a better position to take proactive and preventative measures in the development of a counseling program. A comprehensive counseling program responding to the drop-out rate would be designed to identify students where at least one of the factors found to contribute to drop-out rates and to engage those students in counseling. Drawing on national longitudinal studies the baseline for the program would target students with specific family backgrounds, demographics, members of minority and ethnic groups, lower academic performance, low self-esteem and students with disability or health problems (Lamb 2011, 369). National longitudinal studies demonstrate that each of these factors are significant contributing factors in the national school drop-out cohort. It is expected that my local school is no different (Lamb 2011, 369). Essentially, national longitudinal studies show that family background such as the family’s structure and parentsâ€⠄¢ level of education contribute to a student’s propensity to drop-out of school (Lamb 2011, p. 370). Demographic factors like, race, ethnicity, gender and location are also contributing factors. ... Ultimately the program will have as its goals identifying these factors among the student population and reaching out to those students by virtue of counseling and education to encourage retention. An example of the data would be statistics grouping the cohorts into different groups so as to establish priority groups. The statistical grouping would reflect the percentage of students from specific groups that have dropped out of school. A list reflecting the percentage of drop-out students from a shared background or a shared demographic, or a shared individual trait or a shared academic performance will be prepared. This list is necessary for substantiating how students at risk among the current student population should be identified and targeted for the counseling program. It is therefore necessary to establish a list of students who are at risk of dropping out and ensuring that they are targeted by the counseling program. In order to justify this approach, it will be necessary to demonstrate how the counseling program has intervened and prevented students who were at risk in the past dropping out of school. Therefore a list of students who exhibited the factors that contribute to the drop-out rate, who received counseling and did in fact complete school will also be prepared. The collection of data is a necessary prerequisite for a comprehensive school counseling program. As reported by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA): The use of data to effect change within the school system is integral to ensuring that every student receives the benefits of the school program (ASCA National Model, n.d.). This means not only collecting data reflecting the drop-out cohort, but also data demonstrating

LETTER OF LEGAL ADVICE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

LETTER OF LEGAL ADVICE - Essay Example Moreover, it also puts forward some of the legal advices that are needed to be considered in order have a lawful advantage in this corrupted era. Acceptance is an expression or implication of undertaking something, which is being offered. In legal terms, acceptance of a contract is an expression or the willingness by an individual or a party undertaking the contract that is being offered by ran offerer. In this regard, one party accepts the terms and conditions of a contract or deal as stated by the other (Krol, 1993). To begin with, ‘Conditional Acceptance’, is a form of contractual acceptance where the acceptance is made on the account of fulfilment of certain conditions. Elaborately, the party who accepts the offer of contract considers the same only if certain conditions lay down by the acceptor are fulfilled by the party who offered the contract (Meena, 2008). This is evident from the fact of Malago Pty Ltd v AW Ellis Engineering Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 227, where a prominent depiction of the conditional acceptance was observed. The Head of the Agreement in this case proposed a condition of compelling the total water surface to the respondent. The decisions by the court were that both the parties should consider the surrounding circumstances. The court also rejected the agreement due to the lack of formalities. The court further, implemented that a conditional acceptance needs to have the formal guidelines and also requires considering the surrounding circumstances. From the case, i t can be learnt that for any firm to have legal advantages in the contracts, adequate formalities and official procedures should be considered. Therefore, from the case analysis it can be stated that to have an effective conditional acceptance, a company should meet all the legal requirements amid the parties (Allens, 2012). Furthermore, there are witnesses in case of people accepting the offer of caution money of rent, only if

Analysis of a technology or a scientific development and its Essay

Analysis of a technology or a scientific development and its relationship to the values inherent in our culture and then compare this technology (scientific development) with the values of another culture - Essay Example Progressing skills also straightforwardly develops the everyday customs, like job, discipline, or just individual significance. In the current bureau, several citizens’ particularly younger citizens, go to their places of work listening to the songs with their headphones plucked in their ears. They frequently use their handset to embrace dialog with associates while performing their tasks. Several job givers think that this multi-task decrease work creation. Nevertheless, several students disagree that there are customs individuals can progress their capability to send a message while upholding the judgment contact among other individuals, but no inquiries have been done to confirm this situation. As know-how advances, individuals develop into extra reliant and devote much of their occasion on the newest communication gadgets to do much of the conversation and to flee away from conversing one on one with the individual nearby (Turkle 06-07). Know-how has altered the manner in which individuals convey messages. From my point of view, innovative know-how generates more resourceful habits of passing messages. In addition, everybody depends seriously on knowledge for communication further frequently than as was practiced in the past ten years. It is clear that our daily routine is affected by the use of these gadgets in that anywhere we go or whatever we do rotates on the phone. The manner in which people converse to each other has changed from script and transfer of corporal mail to a clack of a knob on an electronic mail. Since medieval era, Romeo and Juliet inscribed adorable letters as ways to show how much they loved each other. Uniting the internet with the mainframe, introduced the use of electronic mail. Moving the handset has developed into a customary routine for everybody since it is so simple to exercise, extremely suitable, and readily available whenever one needs it. The article discusses manner of

Presenting Business Plans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Presenting Business Plans - Research Paper Example The guitars will be relatively cheaper compared to our rivals. However, we will only sell guitars and not any other musical instruments. (Stimpson, P., & Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations. (2003) Cambridge University Press) The target market will be teenagers and adults who are interested in buying good quality guitars but cannot buy guitars from expensive brands. Also, the market would be for new guitar players who are not aware of a lot of these brands. The key aim is going to be to sell cheap guitars to people who want to learn it as the intermediate guitar players are likely to stick to companies like Gibson and Yamaha. We are going to sell all types of guitars. The types will include acoustic guitars, electric guitars, semi-electric guitars, hollow body acoustic guitars, hollow body semi-acoustic guitars and jazz guitars. Basically, we will be importing these guitars from different countries where the guitars are relatively cheaper according to our research. These countries include Thailand, Japan, Korea and Canada. The guitars will not be from a well-known brand. However, these will be from different local companies in different countries. The quality will be guaranteed on every guitar as our staff is highly trained. We are not going to have a massive number of employees. Some of my friends are good guitar players and they are capable in determining if the guitar is worth buying. It is basically a partnership firm and on the top of the hierarchy, there are going to be 3 partners including myself. The two partners will be in charge of buying the guitars from different countries. These people are highly skilled in playing guitar and they have a good idea in buying these guitars. These people will be travelling once every 6 months and are going to buy a good number of guitars. Depending on the market and the demand, these people are then going to go to buy the guitars according to the preferences from our loyal customers. Below us, there

Leadership Challenges in Organization Assignment

Leadership Challenges in Organization - Assignment Example As leadership challenges become more complex, leaders should also develop approaches to track the market requirements and evaluate the workers capacity to satisfy the market needs (Gill, 2011). Leaders’ awareness about the market needs and organizations’ capacity is of the essence because it will assist them to influence their teams in order to utilize the organizations’ capacity to satisfy the market requirements. Leaders in the 21st century have to take an active role in the overall organization activities and to act as ceremonial figures they used to be in the early time. Effective leadership is essential in all aspects of the organization and must establish a strong relationship between the workers, the organization and the market (Morse et. al., 2007). The organization leadership in the 21st century requires establishment of focused workforce, effective and well-coordinated market activities as well as ability to build personal leadership capacity to meet th e changing market needs. In the 21st century, leaders must help and encourage workers and the stakeholders to determine their interests and potential for growth. Leaders cannot force workers or stakeholders to pursue things that are outside their interests (Palestini, 2009). In the present time, workers and stakeholders in the organization have personal interests which they expect to be satisfied as they pursue organizations goals. They want to grow alongside the organization and they will be encouraged to engage in activities that have no likelihood to promote personal growth. Employees and the stakeholders at the present time have personal ambitions if they are not satisfied the success of the organization is put at stake (Gill, 2011).

What is collagen Essay Example for Free

What is collagen Essay Collagen is a simple protein made up of amino-acids. Amino acids are built from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. In fact collagen makes up approximately 30% of the protein within the body. As a structure Collagen is intensely strong and is a vital protein that is found all over the body: In tendons and ligaments. It plays an important role in the protection function of the skin in that it helps limit the absorption and spreading of pathogenic substances, environmental toxins, micro organisms and cancerous cells. Why do we need collagen?  Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue and is responsible for: skin firmness, skin moisturisation, skin suppleness, constant renewal of skin cells. Research proves explicitly that the skin ageing process occurs in connective tissue, whose main ingredient is collagen. Collagen is vital for skin elasticity, which is essential for the flexibility of the skin without stretching. It allows our skin to constantly expand and contract without looking like a well worn, well loved old cardigan than has stretched beyond recognition. Skin loses its elasticity and ability to expand because of the decreasing ability to retain water. When elasticity is compromised, when we put on excessive weight, or we are pregnant, the elastin fibres are really under pressure and the result can mean stretch marks. Like Love and marriage, Laurel and Hardy, and Yin and Yang, both collagen and elastin fibres support and need each other. Because of this dependency upon each other, it is important to build both not just one, for real and best results. It is therefore important, that, to facilitate increased Collagen production within the skin, we need to ensure that we have increased elastin fibres, water and energy. The synthesis of collagen requires a high level of atmospheric oxygen. The collagen in these types of products are going to do nothing more than moisturize the skin. Collagen cannot be absorbed by the skin. Collagens dependency on Oxygen As mentioned in the section What is collagen† we already know Collagen is a simple protein made up of amino-acids, and that Amino acids are built from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. It is therefore true to say that, in order for collagen to be produced, the body needs sufficient supply of all of these 3 fundamental elements. Let look closer at how the body actually receives these elements and begin to appreciate what we can do to help ourselves. Hydrogen (H) a macronutrient It would be virtually impossible to understate the importance of this element to human life. First of all, water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O). We can survive years, or at least months without getting most of the other elements that we need to survive. We can survive weeks without food, but we would die after only a few days without water. Water is incredibly important in our bodies. In fact, almost 70% of our body is made of water. It dissolves other life-supporting substances and transports them to fluids in and around our cells. It is also a place in which important reactions take place in our bodies. Chemically, water is a remarkable substance and its many unique attributes make life possible. Hydrogen is obviously a critical component of water and minute chemical bonds called hydrogen bonds are what give water many of its unique attributes. Also, hydrogen is practically always bound to the carbon that our bodies are constructed of. Without this arrangement, our bodies would be little more than a pile of atoms on the ground. Stomach acid is a compound of hydrogen and chlorine (hydrochloric acid, or HCl). Logically, hydrogen is extremely important in allowing us to digest our food properly and to absorb the many other elements that we need to survive. Finally, many chemical reactions that make life possible involve the hydrogen ion. Without this unique and important element, we simply couldnt exist. Karin Herzog products based on the original and ground-breaking formulas of her Late Husband, Dr Paul Herzog, have been clinically proven to deliver additional water directly into the skin. This is no mean feat and is something that most other skin care product try to achieve to lesser or greater extent. Herzog remains the world’s only product to deliver not just oxygen but water deep into the skin. We can legally claim that we oxygenate the tissues as we have passed the necessary clinical testings by a recognised European testing laboratory. Using Herzog gives you peace of mind and assurance that the product you invest in, is doing what it is supposed to do and is a major benefit to the skin. Carbon (C) a macronutrient The element carbon is perhaps the single most important element to life. Virtually every part of our bodies is made with large amounts of this element. The carbon atom is ideal to build big biological molecules. The carbon atom can be thought of as a basic building block. These building blocks can be attached to each other to form long chains, or they can be attached to other elements. This can be difficult to imagine at first, but it may help to think about building with Lego blocks. You can think of carbon as a bunch of red Lego blocks attached together to form one long chain of Legos. Now, you can imagine sticking yellow, blue and green Legos across the tops of the red (carbon) Legos. These other colours represent other elements like oxygen, nitrogen or hydrogen. As you stick more and more of these yellow, blue and green Legos to the red chain, it would start to look like a skeleton of Legos with a spine of red Legos and bones of yellow, blue and green Legos. This is a lot like the way that big molecules are made in the body. Without carbon, these big molecules could not be built. Now, virtually every part of your body is made up of these big molecules that are based around chains of carbon atoms. This is the reason we are known as carbon based life forms. Without carbon, our bodies would just be a big pile of loose atoms with no way to be built into a person. Carbohydrates are simple sugars, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The body gets carbon therefore from a good diet because carbon atoms always bond to hydrogen atoms, using Herzog which delivers additional water allows more carbon to be transported, Oxygen (O) a macronutrient It may seem obvious that people need to breathe oxygen to survive, but plants need this element too. Many people think plants breathe carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen. But in reality, plants also breathe oxygen at certain times. Without oxygen, plants could not survive. Without plants, we wouldnt have food to eat. Plants do provide the oxygen and the earths atmosphere is made up of approximately 20% Oxygen. However in polluted areas like major inner-cities, this oxygen count is depleting and the air quality is compromised. Oxygen is the regulator within our bodies. It fights infection and bacteria. Oxygen has a stimulating effect on the 10 systems of the body and is used as the fuel and energy. Oxygen plays a vital role in the breathing processes and in the metabolism of the living organisms. Appropriate levels of oxygen are vital to support cell respiration. Oxygen plays an important role in the energy metabolism of living organisms. The living cell is the site of tremendous biochemical activity called metabolism This is the process of chemical and physical change which goes on continually in the human body: build-up of new tissue, replacement of old tissue, conversion of food to energy, disposal of waste materials, reproduction all the activities that we characterize as life. All functions of our body are regulated by oxygen. It must be replaced every moment because 90% of our lives depend on it. Oxygen energizes cells so they can regenerate. Our body uses oxygen to metabolise food and to eliminate toxins and waste through oxidation. Our brain needs oxygen each second to process information. All of our organs need a great deal of oxygen to function efficiently. The ability to think ,feel ,move eat, sleep and even talk all depend on energy generated from oxygen. Oxygen is the only element capable of combining with almost every other element to form the essentials components necessary to build and maintain our body. For example oxygen + nitrogen+ hydrogen= protein : oxygen+ carbon+ hydrogen=carbohydrates : oxygen +hydrogen=water. How important is oxygen to a healthy body? Many experts conclude that a lack of oxygen in human cells and tissue is linked to a vast variety of and quite possibly all health problems and disease, and that supplemental oxygen therapies have remarkable physiological benefits. It plays a very important role in the body acting as guardian and protector against unfriendly bacteria and disease organism. Most scientists and doctors reiterate that metabolic disorders are the result of blood deficient in oxygen. When you consider the full importance of oxygen, it becomes clear that this versatile element is the single most important substance to life. Karin Herzog products based on the original and ground-breaking formulas of her Late Husband, Dr Paul Herzog, have been clinically proven to deliver additional Oxygen directly into the skin. This is no mean feat and is something that most other skin care products try to emulate. Herzog remains the worlds only product to deliver not just oxygen but water and vitamins deep into the skin. We can legally claim that we oxygenate the tissues as we have passed the necessary clinical testings by a recognised European testing laboratory. Using Herzog gives you peace of mind and assurance that the product you invest in, is doing what it is supposed to do and is a major benefit to the skin. Replace, increase and then keep topping up the vital life line elements for your cells ( including the skin ) that age, environment and modern living take out on a daily basis. To have peace of mind that that is in fact what you are doing it is good to know Herzog is logical, reliable and developed and supported by Specialists, clinicians and Doctors. Can the skin absorb collagen from a cream? Well not one to beat around the bush and wanting so much to educate and give people the facts to enable YOU the consumer to make an educated choice about what you spend your hard earned cash on. Here we go ‘It is impossible for your skin to absorb collagen from a cream that is placed topically onto the skin. ’ Fact! That means that any product you buy that purports to increase your collagen production by pushing collagen from the cream into the skin, is making a false claim. t best they can only moisturise the skin, which yes is important and beneficial but then lots of things do that and you don’t need to spend incredible amounts of money because the cream contains collagen! The only logical and proven way to increase collagen is to stimulate and increase your bodies own production of this protein. to do that it needs the elements we looked at in our previous sections: i. e. Oxygen Hydrogen – Carbon Karin Herzog products deliver 2 out of 3 of these elements, and the 3rd, Carbon, comes from your diet and then needs the other 2 to function fully. Applied correctly and regularly you can be assured that you are replacing the vital elements needed to maintain a healthy and active skin. Because of this results from Herzog are Cumulative. the skin just keeps on getting better and better until its the best your skin can be. Many clients report that their skin has got USED to the product they use and so its not working any more. This does not and can not happen with Herzog. The skin recognises and welcomes the delivery of essential elements and goes to work with them. Now thats Common sense, science and unique!

Application Of Sound In Movies And Games Film Studies Essay

Application Of Sound In Movies And Games Film Studies Essay Approaches to Game Audio. Modern computer games are undeniably becoming more realistic and cinematic. As graphics become better quality and game consoles become more powerful, the distinctive line between films and computer games that was set in the 1970s now hardly exists. Graphics have a big part to play in films and modern computer games, but an even bigger part of films in my opinion is the music and the sound in the film general. The music helps create the tension, emphasise dramatic moments in the plot and giving films another dimension to what is shown on screen. These techniques in music and sound/sound effects in film have been taken and used into the production of the modern computer game. Although the music and sound in film and modern computer game may have the same cinematic practice, the way it is implemented in computer games is very different. This is because of the interactive nature of the gaming environment in the computer game. Throughout this assignment Im going to be looking at what kind of strategys game audio developers have created and adopted from film to produce effective audio in the music, dialogue and effects in computer games. We will firstly be looking into the techniques on how film music and sound is made, and the different strategies have been used to produce them. Then at the strategies and techniques on music for modern games, then discussing and evaluating the different and similar techniques and strategys that computer games have adopted. Sound in film Music and sound have always been a big part of film. Even before technology was advanced enough to play dialogue or music, silent films would normally accompanied by a pianist or even a whole orchestra. But why is sound so important to film? Composer Aaron Copland describes five purposes of film music which we will be going into detail about: Creating a convincing atmosphere of time and place; Underlining psychological refinements the unspoken thoughts of the character; Serving as a kind of neutral background filler; Building a sense of continuity; Underpinning the theatrical build-up of a scene, and rounding it off with a sense of finality. (Copland 1975: 154-5) Creating a convincing atmosphere of time and place Composers can achieve creating a time and place by capturing the musical colour, creating the feeling that the music would be created in that location or time. They can achieve this by using instrument of that era or location- Bagpipes would suggest the scene was in Scotland, while a String quartet could symbolise a Scene from the 1800. Although this is an effective way of locating the film musically in some respects, sometimes the composer or director of the film may not want to use authentic Chinese  music but just want to achieve a Chinese flavour or colour by using a pentatonic scale with Western instruments (Source 1) This can create a better effect overall, hinting towards where the scene is musically without using unwanted interments. Underlining psychological refinements the unspoken thoughts of the character In some instances, music can portray a psychological element much better than dialogue can. This type of film music seems more effective if the composer reads over the script at the creation stage, making suggestions on where he would like the music to be. Far too often, however, this possibility is passed over and music is not allowed to speak (B source 1). Music can also give the viewer a better understanding on what is going on within the head of a character, not specific detail, but an overview. Leonard Rosenman  thinks that The musical contribution to the film should be ideally to create a  supra-reality, a condition wherein the elements of literary naturalism are perceptually altered. In this way the audience can have the insight into different aspects of behaviour and motivation not possible under the aegis of naturalism. This show that music can give a film another dimension, bringing out emotions and insights into characters where film without sound cant. Serving as a kind of neutral background filler Through research many composers feel this is one of the hardest things to do within composing a piece of music. Roy A. Prendergast point out that creating background music for a composer calls for him to be at his most subordinated. At times one of the functions of film music is to do nothing more than be there This shows that sometimes music is just needed to blend in the background as though it would exist as sound rather than as constructed music. Building a sense of continuity What is meant by continuity in film is that music can hold a film together Music can tie together a visual medium that is, by its very nature, continually in danger of falling apart (B source 1).The editor of the film will probably be the most aware of this particular attribute of music in films. Music can also bring a film together as a whole using a unifying musical idea. Underpinning the theatrical build-up of a scene, and rounding it off with a sense of finality When used correctly, music can add a huge amount of intensity and intimacy to a scene, it can evoke a gut reaction unobtainable in any other way (B Source 1) But music isnt a miracle worker, a lot of good composers have been asked to create music for a weak scene, hoping that it will the scene stronger. But if the scene is weak it is near impossible to make it stronger, and sadly it is normally the composer who critics blame. Three forms of music The sound in Cinema takes on three different forms: Speech, Music or Noise. Speech The dialogue in films are spoken by the actors or narration heard as a voice over (Source 2). A major component in speech for films is an automated dialogue replacement. When recording on set there is normally back ground noise of traffic or planes flying overhead, this drowns the actors lines out. Because of this, the dialogue is recorded within a studio. Recording dialogue in this way makes it possible for actors to make their lines more dramatic then recording on location. An example of this is the screaming by the actor in Jurassic Park actually was recorded in the sound studios in New York and Los Angeles (source 2). In the studio an ADR expert would match the new recording with the film, making sure that they were properly in sync so that the audience isnt aware of it being recorded in a studio. Music Music is a very powerful component to a film, in many different ways. For example in musicals such as The Sound of Music (1965) the music trys to captivate the audience creating an emotional response when music and words are linked in a scene (B source 2). Music also helps explain and move the plot instrumentally. Themes are very commonly used for individual characters, for example Star wars when Darth Vader appears on screen his theme music is played. There are two different types of film music. Firstly there is Source music, which is the realistic part of the scene; Street Musicians, Rock band playing in the background etc. The second film type is Underscoring; Music motivated by dramatically consideration (B source 3). The composers are normally not needed until a rough cut of the film is made, or even later. Within films that have to be shot in time with music that does not exist yet a temporary music track may be played on set (B source 3). Many films without music feel very empty; this is why films are normally pretracked. The editor would cut scenes to stock or classical music so that the tempo and phrasing lend structure to the footage. Composers then have the task too music that is similar but different. In scoring, one of the first steps is deciding which scene will have music; this is called spotting. The composer will have to cue the start and end of the scene with a stop watch. The music editor will then create a time sheet or breakdown which will change the feet of the film into seconds, or even smaller time scale. He will then detail the action in a cue, making it easier for the composer to write any way he wants, The closes synchronisation of music to action is called Mickey-mousing' (B Source 3) There are two main types of cues in films. Long Cues which are length normally classical pieces of composition, an example of this is a scene from Gold finger where planes are dropping sleeping gas on to a military base, throughout this scene that lasts over two minutes, the same composition is played throughout. Short cues are normally just a few bars of music; this normally acts as punctuation. For example, in many horror films when someone is going to be stabbed with a knife, this is normal accompanied with a strings playing a high sustained chord, giving a sense of anticipation and making the audience uncomfortable. At the recording stage of the music, the conductor of the piece is alerted by a streamer, a three-foot scratch in the film at the end of which a punched hole producing a light on the screen that acts as the starting cue. For the additional short cue scenes, there are similar streamers that will alert the conductor. Throughout the recording, the conductor will normally have a set of headphones where he can listen to the dialogue or a click track. Noise This can be any other sound that can be heard within the movie for example footsteps or birds. Usually the quality recorded on set is poor, which means that special sound effect (SFX) have to be produced in a studio. To produce these sound effects, sound technicians called Foley artists will record different sound effect with items in a studio. For example to create a horse walking, the Foley artist can use two half of a coconut and tap them on the table or floor, or using a metal sheet to create the sound of thunder. Many of these sound effects can be bought digitally from companies that have noise libraries for a cheaper cost then to get Foley artists. But many producers for major motion pictures will employ people and spend more money on Foley artists to create custom sounds for the movie. Timing There are two different timings within films: Viewing Time and Story Time. Viewing time means the physical length of the film. This normally differs from Story time, which is the time that passes within the film itself. Films can normally cover a few years in the characters lives, but most films that we see only take around a couple hours to watch. Viewing time becomes an instrument of the plots manipulation of story time. (B Source 3) Matching a sound or dialogue within the films images is called synchronization. When dialogue or sound is synchronized properly, the audience will not normally be able to tell if everything has been over overdubbed, or sound effects have been added. Sound in games The process of producing game audio resembles in many ways the production of film audio. Game audio follows the same five purposes of film rules made by Aaron Copland, has similar recording techniques for live sound and Foley, and use many of the same software and recording equipment. A lot of game play, i.e. the battles or the big set pieces, essentially has to be scored in some form or fashion. So thats all similar to a film. (B source 4) Although these traits are very similar between game audio and film audio, there are very distinctive differences in the processes. Most of film audio is normally done on the post-production stage, which takes place after the film has been edited and the visuals have been locked (the final version set) (B source 4). A large amount of time is spent mixing and balancing the sounds at this stage, which is one of the most significant differences between film and games sound. Post- production within film doesnt generally exist within game audio. This is because the timings are variable, the music needs to adapt to the game play. The reason for this is because some game players may vary greatly in the length of time needed to complete a level, and often they can complete tasks in different ways. The way they have come across this hurdle is by creating adaptive audio or interactive audio to others. To find out how game audio makes this adaptive or interactive audio, we are going to look through the three production stages. The three stem can be found in the same file or separate files depending on the individual or companys choice. Pre Production The first step on pre production for game audio is the creation of an audio design document. An audio design document contains the details of the design and implementation of the games audio. At this early stage, the audio team dont have much information; they may only have storyboards and characters sketches on which they have to develop an audio design document. But with this information the can start at an early stage of the production, making sure that the audio plays a significant role in the game. The first thing is to determine what type of game it is, finding out the genre and theme for the audio. One technique of finding out the right genre is by creating a temp track. A temp track means placing pre-existing music where the final composition should be. This helps the composer have an idea on where to work from. The second step is how the sound will interact with the gameplay. Rules will normally be placed out by the games designer describing what role the sound design will have within the game. The next stage is to find out which parts of the game should have ambient sound and music. This is known as spotting, it involves defining cue point entrances, exits, play-ins/play-outs, and game state changes, as well as deciding if the games variables (such as players health, surface properties, and so on) will be used to change sound parameters(B source 4). To help the music fit into context with the game, a music cue list can be created. This helps break down the storyboard or script into segments and chapters, creating an individual map for the game, as well as for each individual level. At theses first stages the audio team will need to look for spots for environments, action, pace, tension/release, objects, characters/personalitys and so on. Another important step is spotting the game in terms of emotion; Within a games there is normally movement or a certain rhythm in terms of emotional peaks and valleys (B source 4). To help the sound designer which sounds may interfere with one and another and which sounds need emphasis, an emotion map can be created showing tension and release points. At this stage level descriptions are broken down into different sound types, for example ambient noises, weapons sounds, Foley etc. These sound types will be created within an asset list which can be used at a later stage too track recording in order to reproduce sounds at a later stage, if necessary Production At this stage the production of game sound is normally taken place in several different locations. Like production of film sound: sound libraries are used and normally these effects are layered and manipulated to create the right effect. Bigger companies may have a dedicated Foley studio where Foley artists are hired and are told to create original sound effects for the game. The same techniques in film are used in game audio for sound. One of the most useful techniques that are being used in game audio is the processing of digital signal processing (DSP) in real time. Being able to do this saves a lot of recording time for the sound developers. Before processing DSP in real time effects on certain sounds had to be re-recorded individually, for example; to get the effect of footsteps to change when walking from, say, a stone path into a cave, the effects would have to be pre recorded onto the footsteps file (B Source 4) But now only one sound sample of footsteps needs to be recorded, this is because the DSP filters can be set for location, making the audio responded physics graphic engines which can create more realistic sounding effects in real time while playing the game. The final part of the audio production process is the integration of the music, sound effects, and dialogue. The integration of audio into game decides how the audio will be triggered within the game. This also controls what part of the audio might change the games state or the games parameters. For example Music or ambience tracks may be triggered by location, by game state, by time-ins or time-outs, by players, or by various game events. For the composers music to work with the game, it must be able to integrate into it. Cutting the music into chunks, splits or loops may help in creating a much more dynamic score for the game. An hour or so of music can be stretched out to many hours by cutting it up and looping it. To make it easier to cut, normally the songs have to be quite rhythmic. In game music compositions, the composer will normally make sure that the music is played within the same key throughout. This is because it is easy for sections to be cut and looped without the audience realising. The music composers for Red Dead Redemption composed the music by creating many riffs and small composition lasting less than a minute each, all within the same key. After mastering each one individually, they then put it into the music engine of the game where segments of the musical material are constantly chosen at random an put together to form a piece of music. (B source 5) Music can not only be cut, but also elements of it can be changed in real time in the game engine, for example DSP effects, tempo and instrumentation. Software such as Wwise and FMOD are being used much more these days to create editing such as this. This is because the software lowers cost and production time, and makes it easier to integrate a more dynamic score within the game. Segments of the musical material are constantly chosen at random and put together to create a piece of music. Post Production stage At this stage of production the main task is the mixing of the audio. The mixer has to find anything within the mix which is unnatural, too much repetition or anything having an unnatural imbalance. Within current games, the different stems of audio are competing with each other because they are all in the same aural space. This gives a great risk of sounds being in the same sound range and masking each other out. This is also problematic within film, but because of the unpredictability on where different sounds are going to be heard in a game, makes the mixing an even more difficult task. A strategy mixers have used to tackle this obstacle is by prioritizing sounds real-time in games. Using FX and ducking the music when dialogue happens, is an effective way of making sure needed information is passed on to the player. Another effective technique is making certain frequencies in the music quieter; this makes room for the dialogue to be heard and the music still has a presence. Strategies adopted by game audio developers To make it easier to see the similarities and differences in film and game audio, they have been made into two different sections Similarities Film and game audio have very similar, if not exact recording techniques. They both have to overdub dialogue and ambience. Game audio however, is more reliant on over dubbing, this is because there is no original sound because they have to create the ambience and dialogue from scratch. They both follow similar rules in what they want from the audio, and how they want their audience too feel. The music is very similar, both film and game audio often have scores arranged by professional composers, have a dedicated team that that deal with all the audios needs. Differences Evaluate Conclusion Overall thoughts Examples, including discussion and evaluation, of strategies adopted by game audio developers; Conclusion; References.

30 Doradus Image Tour

30 Doradus Image Tour Image Tour 30 Doradus as a image tour and I chose this tour because it is the largest star forming region found near our own galaxies and I thought that it would be a good topic to learn about while I am typing this, and if you are reading this I am going to bring you on a tour of writing this whole this so sit back and grab some popcorn and get ready to read. 30 doradus contains things such as Newborn star clusters, Older Star Clusters, Supernova remnant, Pillar Chain, Dark Nebulae, Hot Bubble, Hill Region, and a Runway Star. I am going to break this into parts. A Newborn Star Cluster is a bright and dense star cluster called R136, and is one of the largest star cluster near our galaxy. Stars usually live to nearly a billion years and these stars are 1 to 2 million years old. These stars will eventually explode into supernovae. Bright stars emit a energetic ultraviolet radiation that heats up and erodes the gas clouds around the star cluster. Dense dust covers the gas creat very dark pillars hence the name pillar chain because there is more than just one. Resembling a gaseous version of a coral reef, these fragmented and wispy clouds are along the edge of a large of extremely hot gas.This gas has been heated to about over 1 million degrees by the high energy radiation from hot stars or stellar explosions, this could be why it it super hot. Lastly but not least is a runway star that was caught speeding at a velocity of 250,000 miles per hour. This star though is 1 to 2 million years old meaning that it could of got at a velocity that fast from a stellar explosion or it ejected itself from the newborn gas cluster but if it did it would move a lot slower than how it is now showing that it was a stellar explosion. When gas is heated a lot it starts to glow a pinkish-red because of a newborn star heating up the gas making that star to appear like a rose-like color. Stars form in the deepest, darkest, and deepest part of hydrogen dust clouds. These dark clouds are remnants of a gigantic dark nebulae that is going to be formed.There was more but I didnt want to add it because it might exceed the 1 page limit for the assignment. Discoveries Discovering Planets Beyond In this discovery it changed austomeners lives forever and used hubble to do so but many planets have been found also found with telescopes on the surface but hubble changed eyes forever. It was then they asked questions like how do planets form, are there alien atmospheres that we can live on?, and can we hunt for a planet that is close to us. All these questions have been answered and it was all because of hubble. Now people have been begining theories that planets just are formed from stars that collided with asteroids but actually plantes have been formed by asteroids colliding with each other to make much bigger asteroids and eventually making a planet. This is true because hubble has seen it happen and made a completely new planet. Finding planets around other stars is hard. Planets are tiny relative to most other objects in the universe. And they can be a billion times dimmer than the stars they orbit. Because planets in other solar systems are nearly impossible to see directly, astronomers have had to come up with innovative ways to hunt these covert objects. Only in the past couple decades has our technology and techniques been up to the task of finding extrasolar planets. The Hubble Space Telescope has a wide range of astronomical pursuits from studying black holes in distant galaxies to observing members of our solar system. So it isnt able to dedicate a lot of time to the hunt for extrasolar planets. But that doesnt mean Hubble hasnt tried or succeeded. In fact, Hubble has conducted some of the farthest searches of extrasolar planets ever attempted. It has proven that enigmatic objects discovered by other telescopes are planets. And it has made some exoplanet firsts.. Lastly are we alone in space that question is average because still many other planets that we havent seen so that is still an unknown question.

Initiative 200 :: essays research papers

Affirmative Action Under Attack by Initiative 200?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action is under heavy attack by initiative 200, and it should not be. It should not be under fire because it serves as an act of restitution for the discrimination and hurt that we have caused African-Americans and other minorities throughout this century. It is our job to repair and repay blacks because our performance in the past has immediately affected their present status.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Americans, especially white males until late, were not opposed to affirmative action. This is only because affirmative action primarily benefited white males. It was the privileges our colonial fathers established on the basis of race and gender that allowed white males to dominate the job market with little or no contention. Some even believe that affirmative action is preferential treatment for white males.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White males have used race consistently in two ways since the Civil War: for the purpose of inclusion and exclusion. They have used race inclusively to benefit themselves and exclusively to deny opportunity to others. In the past, white males were preferred. In the present, however, affirmative action, though still based on race and gender, is used to include those who in the past were excluded. In more precise terms, with today’s affirmative action, or preferential treatment, we are attempting to adjust for the imbalances of the past that have been carried on into the present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of this seems so intuitively obvious, so why then can’t most Americans understand why affirmative action is obligatory? I believe the answer is as follows: Americans have refuse to recognize that there is and empirical relationship between the past and the present. They refuse to recognize that understanding the effects of past discrimination on the present is the key to explaining why affirmative action is not only needed in the present, but is the moral and political responsibility of so-called Christian nation. A recognition such as this would also demonstrate the inadequacies of present-day affirmative action. Affirmative action is a cheap price for blacks to settle for, given he way America has systematically discriminated against them in order to preserve and protect white male, and increasingly, white female privilege.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the Civil War and up to the 1954 Brown vs. the Board of Education decision, African Americans have been denied equal access to higher education and the labor market, and they have been denied by law.

Essay --

RECRUITMENT PROCESS Job classification is to group job positions and then value them in a fair and transparent manner according to various functions as well as geographically. Job titling is to provide a title to each job classification in order to define and recognise the responsibility and level of the position. At ArcelorMittal, they use a customised statistical tool known as the LDA methodology which rates the function of the job, its content and the responsibility involved. Factors such as value added by a given business area, scope of function covered by the position, level of skill and professional know-how, geographical scope of the position – regional, national or global, autonomy – reporting levels and several Macro and Micro-economic environmental accountabilities and challenges are considered to obtain a numerical value termed ‘JOB POINTS’, based on which jobs are then classified. After this step an evaluation is carried out by the current incumbent and the manager in order to have a detailed understanding of the position. A report is then prepared on the...

British Telecommunications and the Drivers of Globalization

Globalization is a phenomenon most often discussed among economists. Most of us have often heard that business is no longer restrained by political or cultural boundaries. Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) expand with little regards of geographical or cultural distance among their target markets. All decisions within a company are made with the additional consideration of how the international world will affect the results of that decision, a factor that most businesses ignored in some earlier decades.As indicated above, discussions about globalization are mostly about its effects toward the business environment, rather than its causes. Companies are more interested toward how a phenomenon will affect their financial conditions rather than where or what the phenomenon is actually coming form. Within this paper however, I will discuss several drivers of globalization. The drivers will be taken from various perspectives about globalization. To provide more connection to the internationa l business environment, we will use the British Telecom, one of the most successful MNEs in the global communication industry, as a reference to help define and justify the drivers of globalization.Furthermore, this paper will discuss the view of whether MNEs are actually competing globally or only regionally. There are arguments among scholars that the global economy do not actually existed. Globalization has taken us through national boundaries but it stopped in regional limits. In other terms, MNEs are not actually operating with global factors within their considerations, but rather regional factors. This view will be examined as we discuss the development of British Telecom.I. Literature ReviewII.1Corporations as Principle DriversAccording to Ron Blackwell (2002), corporations are the principle drivers of globalization. In the process of increasing their market share, corporations found that they need to expand further that their national boundaries allowed. While rapidly inter nationalizing their operations, most corporations fundamentally altered their structure and strategies, boosting the change of their national economy into a more globalize economy.This phenomena might not be observable in the US or European soil, because the process of corporations breaking through national boundaries have occurred several decades ago. However, the phenomenons are still happening today within the Asian and other developing economies. Economist have long predicted that Asia will be the center of massive economic growth in the near future, and the prophecy is fulfilled as China and India are increasingly integrated to the global economy.II.2Political, Technological and Social ConditionsIII.2.1 Market Oriented-PoliciesBeside the principle factor mentioned above, many arguments brought forward other causes of globalization. One of the popular ones is the influence of market-oriented policies. In China for example, the change of governmental policies regarding foreign in vestment and trade was the greatest factor that supported growth of the economy. Several decades ago, China was a country considered to have a ‘closed economy’. Today, the country is the largest recipient of the world’s Foreign Direct Investment and recognized as the most potential market in Asia (Diaz, 2001).III.2.2 Communication and Transportation TechnologyTechnological changes have also contributed to the process of turning the world into a single global economy. The internet spawned the e-commerce, which displayed a tremendous increase in its role in business and trade. As people in modern countries crave the ease of trade provided by the internet, the growth of e-commerce is predicted to last indefinitely. Furthermore, advanced transportation equipment also has a significant role in accelerating the globalization process.II.2.3  Ã‚   Global PhenomenaSocial conditions that supported globalization process consist of several important phenomena. One of those phenomena is the end of the cold war. The reduction of conflicts causes competitive environment for business development and population growth. It was recorded that the number of people on the planet is more than doubled since the 1960’s (Kohl, 2000). Both the reduction of conflicts and the increasing population created more economic, social and environmental linkages, which in the end, spawned globalization. Further analysis and identification of the drivers of globalization will be performed using the British Telecom plc.II. British TelecommunicationsIII.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Corporate BackgroundBritish Telecommunication Plc is responsible for approximately 25 million telephone lines in the United Kingdom. The company is an international corporation which own and runs most of the telephone exchanges, trunk network and local loop connections for the vast majority of British fixed line telephones. The company, British Telecom is formed in 1981 and has developed itself into five larg e business divisions today, they are: BT Retail, BT Wholesale, Openreach, BT Global Services, BT Exact/One IT. The divisions provide communication services ranging from retailing telecoms to consumers to research & development and consultancy.There are several reasons why the observation on British Telecom is connected to the study of globalization and considered interesting by many. First, the UK telecommunication market was among the first telecommunication market that was deregulated in the early 1980’s. Several of the most influential regulatory innovations, like the price cap regulation was also developed and first implemented in UK telecommunications. Second, the British telecom was the first communication company in the world that was privatized in the early 1980’s. Third, because the UK telecommunication market was the first to be exposed to public interference, communication within the industry is ten years ahead of other European countries.III.2 Corporate Int ernationalizationIII.2.1 Role of Government PolicyAccording to the theories mentioned in the second chapter, there are several drivers of globalization with different emphasize on their significance. Generally, economists acknowledge that companies are the strongest driver of globalization and its processes. Despite the fact that this statement might be true for most MNE’s, regarding the British Telecom, I found that governmental policies are the most influential factor comparatively.Before its privatization in 1984, the British Telecom was granted the right for a monopoly over the fixed line network operations. This boosted the development of the company long enough to provide itself with strong infrastructure to face competitions. Having a major early start at the game, since its privatization, the company has been known as one of the strongest companies in UK. Government monopoly policies which then followed by the market oriented policies helped brought the company to its current position as a market leader in communication (Summanen, 2002).II.2.2  Ã‚   The Role of Corporate ExpansionThe second largest factor, which I believe was the effort within the corporation itself, came in some time after the company was privatized. In 1993, the company announced a joint global alliance through a new joint venture company. This new company is considered as the bridge which leads British Telecom into leading the global telecommunications operator. In order to expand the business by obtaining multinational clients, BT formed and acquired stakes of several joint venture companies overseas. Some of them were Albacom in Italy, Viag Interkom in Germany, Telenordia in Sweden, Dacom in Korea, etc. All of this was performed after there is a leadership change from Sir George Jefferson to Sir Iain Vallance as chairman of the group. This displayed the tremendous role of managerial decisions in the process of BT’s internationalization (Summanen, 2002).II.2.3  Ã‚   Role of Technology and Social FactorsThe changing culture and the increasingly rapid growth of the economy boosted telecommunication business. The 2001residential fixed telephone volumes were recorded to double as much as it was in 1996. Within the same period, local call volumes decreased and national and international call volumes increased. Furthermore, the role of technology in the development of British Telecom can be observed through the statistics also. From 1997 to 2001, calls to mobiles have been recorder to increase tremendously. This increase continues until today (Summanen, 2002).II.2.4  Ã‚   Competing GloballyIn terms of strategic market share, the British Telecom displayed a global approach throughout its lines of business. BT’s overseas activity targets were set to various markets in the world, divided into three segments: the North America market, the Mainland Europe market and the Asia-Pacific region. In North America, the company partnered with MCI to s upport growth. The largest focus is still in its home market and the mainland Europe using its core brands and the market Asia-Pacific region is still being developed (Sumanen, 2002).BibliographyBlackwell, Ron. 2005. ‘Hearing before the US-China Economi ad Security Review Commission Regarding Corporate Globalization Strategies China and the Future of Globalization’.Diaz-Bonilla, E and S Robinson eds. 2001. ‘Shaping Globalization for Poverty Alleviation and Food Security’. 2020 Vision Focus * Washington, D.CKohl, R and K, Orourke. 2000. ‘Whats new About Globalization: Implications for Income Inequality in Developing Countries’ Paper for Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development Conference on’ Poverty and Income Inequality in Developing Countries’ Paris.Summanen, Tuamo. 2002. ‘British Telecom: Searching for a Winning Strategy’. Available at: msl1.mit.edu/CMI/furd_2002_a/btcase.pdf