Companies and the education Essay Example for Free

Companies and the education Essay It is no denying the fact that globalization is evil, in the real sense of the word, for countries like India, Pakistan and many other developing countries. Globalization is good among the developed countries- like America, Canada, Europe etc. because here the competition is on equal terms. Globalization is also fair among the developing countries, like India, Pakistan etc. But it cannot be said that globalization or competition is fair and on equal terms between developed countries on the one hand and the developing countries on the other hand. It does not make sense that Pakistan will be able to compete on equal level with America. The outcome of this competition can be forecasted easily i. e. all the benefits will definitely go in the pockets of the multinationals of the developed world and the developing ones will suffer greatly in this bargain. It can be said that globalization is a modern method of enslaving the third world countries. In the name of globalization the Western world is dictating the developing countries to open their markets and reduce expenses on social causes, the likes of education and health, while on the other hand the developed countries themselves are subsidizing their farmers, multinational companies and the education. This kind of globalization does not make any sense. But yes it can be called as Westernization. Globalization is the modern face of colonization. In globalization the poor and developing countries are to provide cheap raw materials for the developed world in return for expensive manufactured goods. Thus the developing countries will never be able to produce goods as cheap goods as the all-pervasive multinationals will be producing. They will just provide cheap labor. The supporters of globalization say that globalization has actually decreased the global poverty. They say that no doubt most countries have seen lower income growth but the world’s two largest countries china and India have experienced the opposite. They also say that it is only those countries that increasingly integrate them with the world economy that have managed to grow fastest and reduce poverty the most. Thus it is suggested by them that only those countries who open themselves very much to the world can be benefited in this bargain. Now let us check these arguments of the supporters of the globalization. â€Å"Economists agonize about capital flows but often overlooks the social disruptions, cultural clashes and political changes that globalization brings. † (Mott. 2004. p. 33) It is no doubt that exports and foreign investment played integral role in China’s development. China is able to buy the capital equipments and the other modern tools for its modernization by selling its home-made products in the length and breathe of the world. The managerial and technical expertise of china is also increased by the increase in foreign investment. Now take a close look and we discover that china’s economic policies violated almost all the rules and regulations according to which the supporters of globalization want to play their game. China joined the World Trade Organization only a year or two back and they also did not liberalize their trade policies to a great extent. Their economic policies are the most protected policies in the world. China opens its financial markets to the world just a little time back. Chinese know that the solutions to their problems must be the one suitable to the local conditions. Thus they developed and progress immensely not by following the hard and fast rules of globalization but by will, dedication and nicely built policies suitable to the local environment. On the other hand many countries that open themselves up to the world without taking care of the local demands and conditions suffer financially and functionally. For example, Latin America followed the principles of globalization with great zeal and gusto in the 1990sis suffering from increasing inequality, low economic growth rates, and heightened.

Swiss Style Typography History

Swiss Style Typography History What is it a good graphic design? Good graphic design or typography is like a taste. Hallmark of the taste rests in sensitivity, from feelings. Every one has a different taste, but it is indispensable for everyone. Graphic design works on an equal basis. We are not born with the right taste as well as there are no born masters of graphic design. All of them have to be every of them self educated. Perfect graphic consist of many elements, as a result of harmony. This magazine traces the growth of the good graphic design. It depicts not only the growth, but also a designers who formed the style, the people and ideas that influenced them and the following generations who were attracted to Swiss graphic design. This progressive, radical movement Swiss style also known as an International style, was originated in Switzerland in the 1920s . This style became famous because of very talented Swiss graphic designers. It emerged from Russian s Constructivism, Germany s De Stijl and Dadaism. The International Typographic Style, or Swiss Style, refers to the graphic design movement that evolved in Switzerland during the 1950s. Emphasizing clarity of information, the International Style propagated an aesthetic of objective photography in place of illustration; asymmetrical arrangement of elements on a modular grid system; sans-serif typography such as Akzidenz Grotesk; and flush left, ragged right configuration of text. Admired for its simple, clean, factual, and highly structured approach to organizing and presenting information. The magazine is divided into three parts. Part One shows the origins of the Swiss style, general information about the style, political and social influences. The following part represents the central figures in this movement and the New typography.6 swiss style In the post war period, modern design began more significant with development of industrialized society. Switzerland bacame an appropriate site for growth of an International style, by means of the country s position in the centre of Europe and its political neutrality. However, Swiss style started to grow in after the First World War in Europe. Henry van de Velde (1863 1957) was a famous Belgian architect and designer. He was also one of the most successful and important practitioners of the Art Nouveau style. He was known as the first Art Nouveau artist to work in an abstract style and developed the concept of the union of form and function. His idea was to bring art to industry. Van de Velde was the main graphic designer who influenced young Swiss designers. He was one of the founders of the decorative arts school of Weimar. This school was later called the Bauhaus. In 1907 he designed the new building of The School of Arts and Crafts and became the first director of this school. Among the teachers there were Russian, Wassily Kandinsky, Swiss Paul Klee and Johannes Itten. Young Swiss graphic designers attracted the school and many of them studied at the Bauhaus. The influence from the Bauhaus was apparent in Max Bill (1908 1994) and Theo Ballmer (1902 1965) works. Max Bill, a painter belonging to the Concrete Art movement in Z rich applied mathematical systems for the organization of space to his graphic design work. Another style which had an effect for the growth of an International style was Constructivism. Constructivism art refers to the optimistic, non-representational relief construction, sculpture, kinetics and painting. The artists did not believe in abstract ideas, rather they tried to link art with concrete and tangible ideas. Constructivist art is committed to complete abstraction with a devotion to modernity, where themes are often geometric, experimental and rarely emotional. El Lissitzky (1890 1941) was the main represetatives of Russian Constructivism. He brought a New Typography and photomontage to Switzerland. Lissitzky attended to the fundamental transformation of perception of literature. From acoustic percept of the past became visible words. Optical character of the new typography was defined in his bo ok from 1923. His work greatly influenced the Swiss style. Not only Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klle who were teachers at Bauhaus, but also L szl Moholo Nagy (1895 1946) had notable position there. He had similar visual conception as Lissitzky. He was oriented in interaction of photography and text. Moholo Nagy perceived photography like an objective representation which can rescue obscurdity of words. He brought typography to question, he defined a new revolutionary idea typofoto combination of typography and photographic images.It is an objective form of representation based at princip of communication. Both of these movements influenced a new directions of art and development of graphic design. A book of modern graphic design Gefesselter Blick (Captured Glance) was published in Stuttgard in 1930. It was Sponzored by the Swiss Werkbund s Advertising Designers Circle. Design from 1920s publications were displayed in the book.. The book was edited by architects Heinz Rasch and Bodo Rasch. They rounded up a work of twenty six artists of the avant garde. Most of them were Germans (Werner Graef), three Swiss (Otto Baumberger, Max Bill and Walter Cylian), two Dutch (Paul Schutema, Piet Zwart), Russian (El Lissitzky), and Czech (Karel Teige). Even though, the Swiss were influenced by many styles, their own style became unique.Gefesselter Blick displays the origins and growth of the Swiss style. 8 swiss style In the first part of the magazine we introduced the origins and problems of the Swiss style in Graphic design. In this part we will mention the main artists, designers and propagonists of this movement. Ernst Keller (1931 2006) the father of Swiss design, was a graphic designer, artist and teacher. From 1918 and for four decades onward Keller taught a professional course in graphic design at the Kunstgewerbeschule Z rich (The Zurich School of Design) rejecting the notion of style in favor of design solutions derived from content. Keller was the most important single influence on the development of Swiss graphic design. The economically drawn images and inventive lettering of his posters designed in the 1920s and early 1930s made an important contribution to Modernism. He mentored Armin Hofmann (fig. 1), Emil Ruder, and Joseph-Muller Brockman, all of whom were important figures in what became the International Typographic Style. Significance of the International Typographic Style has been unfairly reduced to the aesthetic preferences evident in the outcomes of work by designers identified with the movement. To recognize its substance one needs to study the specifics of its origin roo ted in the curriculum developed at the Basel School of Design. One of the important figures of origins of the Swiss style was also Theo Ballmer (1902 1965). He was a designer, photographer and teacher. Ballmer studied at Bauhaus and at Kunstgewerbeschule in Zurich. He is known for his political posters and exhibitions, using only simple images and lettering (fig. 4). Otto Baumberger (1889 1961) was one of the first Swiss who can be correctly described as a poster designer. He designed more than two hundred posters, which helped to modernize the style. In its variety, Baumberger s work embodies and exemplifies the history of Swiss poster art in the first half of the twentieth century, as the painterly artist poster gradually evolved toward graphically oriented corporate design. Max Bill was another Swiss graphic artist, industrial designer, architect, sculptor, and painter, primarily important for his sophisticated, disciplined advertising designs. He studied at the Bauhaus until late 1920 s when he moved to Zurich where he became a teacher and prime member of the Allianz group of graphic designers. Max Bill belonging to the Concrete Art movement in Z rich applied mathematical systems for the organization of space to his graphic design work. Herbert Matter was a pioneer in the use of photomontage. His talented use of type earned him great international acclamation (fig.5). After working for the Swiss National Tourist Office and Swiss resorts he moved to the United States in 1936 and started teaching Photography at Yale University in 1952.12 swiss style was a leading German graphic designer who also exerted a strong influence on the Swiss school. Johannes Tzschichhold (Jan Tschichold) was born as a son of a Leipzig lettering artist and sign printer Franz Tzschichhold and his wife Maria Zapff, in April 1902. His father s profession gave him an early introduction to the many forms of written scripts. Young Tschichold often helped his father and also attended a printing museum in the Buchgewerbehaus (Book Industry Building) which were in the town. Consequently he had knowledges of typography from early age. Despite of his parents ideas, to have their son a professional art teacher, he decided to be educated as a lettering artist. While he studied (from 1919 to 1921) with Walter Tiemann, director of the Staatliche Akademie fur graphische Kunste und Buchgewerbe (Academy for Graphic Arts and Book production), he also attended courses in printmaking and bookbinding. Tschichold supported his education of the books of Edward Johnston (Calligraphy, Ornamental Script and Applied Script) and Rudolf von Larisch (Study in Ornamental Writin g) and created a number of calligraphic writings. Before leaving for Bauhas from 1921 to 1923 he worked in Leipzig as an assistant in teaching courses of calligraphy at the Academy. In 1923 he became a freelance designer in Leipzig. In the same year he visited Bauhaus exhibition and influenced by the modern artists and designers Wassily Kandinsky (1866 1944) and L szl Moholo Nagy, he started to propagate a new visual thinking. It was an inversion in his actual life. Soon, he was also introduced to the work of the Dutch graphic designer Piet Zwart 13 swiss style Exhibition poster, 1937 While getting acquainted with work we can fall into deluge of varied geometrics and simple effects. This poster looks like an absolutely pure example of New Typography. The design is simple and arithmetical. Tschichold, J. (1927) Napoleon [Poster]15 swiss style (1885 1977), and the Russian constructivists El Lisstzky. He worked with an assymetric composition, geometric shapes, the use of photography instead of illustrations and sans serif typefaces (fig. 11). In the light of my knowledge, it was a juvenile opinion to consider the sans serif as the most suitable or even the most contemporary typeface. Jan Tschichold (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 : 19) Tschichold was so impressed by Soviet constructivism and Russian Revolution, that he changed his name to Iwan (or Ivan) Tschichold in 1923. Tschichold became an important figure in the new movement known as the New Typography. A first spectacular publication of these views, Elementare typographie (Elementary Typography) , appeared in a special October 1925 issue of the German magazine Typographische Mitteilungen (Typographic News). This was a kind of typographic manifest and caused an uproar in the world of design. In the book Tschichold described the new ideas on typographic design. Artists and designers had various opinion at the publication. Lissitzky was delighted at the beautiful brochure. The book was received well at the Bauhaus, but the German constructivis reacted critically. Nevertheless, the book had an impact on the future design. The second book The purpose of the New Typography is functionality. The purpose of any typography is communication (the means of which are visualized).This communication has to appear in the shortest, simplest and most compelling form. For typography to serve social purposes, the inner form of the material employed must arrange the content whereas the outer form must establish a relantionship between the different typographic means. Inner organization means using as few basic constituents as possible; typefaces, numbers, signs, l ines from the type cases, and the typessetter. In the modern world focused on optics, the precise picture, i.e. photography, must be considered as a basic constituent of the New Typography. (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 : 39)16 swiss style was the most important, Die neue Typographie (The New Typography) was published in 1928. This book explained the function and communication of the New Typography. The book was used as a handbook for printers and publishers and even at the Bauhaus. In a small A5 format he described a modern typography in a short essay. Tschichold inspired by the functional determination of Bauhaus, formulated the basics of the modern visual communication in which aesthetics of modern abstract art were combined together with requirements for legibility, simplicity and subject information. His manifest the New Typography reflected the dynamism of life time, preferences of precision and clarity of sensatial visual. He preferred objective resources as the sans serif and geometric typeface (Grotesk), assymetric composition and whitespace. His book was widely read and highly influential as a major step in modern ideals. The book became the bible of every young typesetter. From 1927 until 1933 Tschichold constituted the New Typography in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and France. Because of the influence of the Nazis in 1933 Tschichold submitted his registration to the Munich Meiterschule, to assume a teaching position at the new Hohere Graphische Fachschule der Stadt Berlin (Berlin Higher Vocanional School for Graphic Arts). Although Tschichold had a post in Berlin, he changed his mind and decided that he would rather stay in Munich. After the Nazi victory in March 1933, Tschichold and his wife Edith were arrested and they were denounced as a Kulturbolshewist (cultural Bolshevists). Shortly after their arrest, they were released. Tschichold with Edith and their four year son immediately left Munich and on July 28, 1933 went to Basel in Switzerland. Their friend Hermann Kienzle, the director of the Allgemeine Gererbeschule (School of Arts and Crafts) in Basel, Poster for The Professional Photographer exhibition in Basel, 1938. A clear logic organization of the elements. The poster has geometrical structure, strict horizontal and vertical alignments. He used Akzidenz typeface (consended) and only lowercase. recommended Tschichold for a teaching post at the School of Arts and Crafts. Between 1933 and 1946, Tschichold produced numerous journal articles, in part due to financial pressure.Two years after he had moved to Switzerland, he published the most important book Typographische Gestaltung (Typographic Design). At this time he began to work with more traditional typefaces and layout arrangements. This book was not only about the New Typography but also about use of photography as a design component. According to Eskilson (2007:302) In this new book, Tschichold reiterated his support for the New Typography but also suggested that the assymetric, flush left layout was not only suitable design formula. Jan Tschichold was not only a typographer and a book designer. He was also poster designer. Before he left for Switzerland he had been makink posters for publishing houses or some film posters. But his first large commission was the poster for Phoebus Palast cinema in 1927. It was the largest cinema in Germany. He created for them posters, newspapers, advertisements and programs, we would called this as a corporate identity today. The other commisions were for the Volksverband fur Filmkunst (People s Association for Film Art), or The exhibition Das Internationale Plakat. A poster is a relatively independent area of graphic design, which is the most similar to creative art by using means of expression. The large format increases the effectiveness of communication of the poster. Tschichold tried to complete the primary concept by using of the principles of the New Typography, minimalism and whitespace. His posters are organized into vertical and horizontal fields. He often worked with geometrical structure, each element is in plan type, spacing, colour, and even the meaning. In the organization of the elements, meanings are connected. Tschichold s poster designs rank among the finest in the history of graphic design. His background in typography permitted him to achieve preeminence with minimal means while consistently maintaining elegance and a maximum of expression. In the post war period, Tschichold worked for Penguin Books in London (fig. 14, 15, 16). This London s publishing looked for the best typographer and offered designers from Europe. Penguin, The New Typography, in its concern to satisfy the needs of our own period and to make sure that every single piece of printing is in harmony with the present Jan Tschichold (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 : 133) founded in 1935, was the first commercially successful paperback book company in Britain. (Eskilson, 2007 : 314) Penguin Books publisher Allen Lane and the famous English book printer Oliver Simon were suprised by Jan Tschichold s work. Tschichold established a fixed set of typographic standards, the Penguin compositions rules. He installed strict typesetting rules and raised them to the formal level of the printing and publishing. These rules directed attention to next composition, indenting, punctuation marks, spelling, capitals, small capitals, italics, folios, figures, references, footnotes, make up, and the printing plays and poetry. (Jong, Purvis, Le Coultre, Doubleday and Reichardt, 2008 : 269 270) In the few years spent working in London, Tschichold gained much respect and was named an honorary member of the London Double Crown Club, a selective group of English typographers and printers.In 1949 Tschichold felt that his work in Penguin was completed, it was the reason why he returned back to Switzeland. Between 1950 and 1954 he was an independent typographer in Basel. In 1955 Tschichold took a position as typographer at the Hoffmann-La Roche company in Basel. Jan Tschichold died on August 11, 1974, in Locarno, Switzerland. Josef M ller-Brockmann was a Swiss graphic designer. One of the leading graphic and typographic designer since the 1950s. Josef Muller was born on 9 May, 1914, in Rapperswill, Switzerland. His father Christian M ller had a successful career. His company CH. M ller Baugeschaft (building firm), employed dozens of men from Rapperswill and workers from abroad. Unfortunately, Christiann died two yers after his son was born, on 24 August, 1916. Mother of Josef was Ida M ller Shmucki a strong, independent woman. After her husband s death she became a widow at the age of thirty two. She stayed alone with eight children. Josef s talent emerged at the age of fourteen when attending high school. His teacher recognized his natural 25 swiss style  aptitude for drawing. Because of his mother s financial situation, Josef could not study at college. His older brother Paul (firstborn) was sent to university, although he was not as talented as his younger brother. Then Josef continued developing his illustration skills himself. Later an enthusiastic teacher at the Rapperswil Middle School recommended that Muller apply for an apprenticeship as a photographic retoucher. (Purcell, 2006 : 16) Muller spent only one month in a local printer s office than he left. He felt a need to continue with his artistic desires. The period between the world wars strongly influenced M ller s development of art Tschichold s The New Typography and also the work of El Lissitzky or Otto Baumberger. M ller even advocated the opinion that Baumberger was the ingenious, unsurpassed master of large, often monumental, picture language with the minimum of illustrative and chromatic means he was the first and unsurpassed master of the objective informative poster. (Purcell, 2006 : 21) In 1931 M ller became an apprentice to the designer and advertising consultant of Alex Walter Diggelmann at Studio Diggelmann s Zurich offices. Although Josef M ller had the financial problem, in 1932 he was registered as a student at the University of Zurich and at the citys Kunstegewerbeschule. Josef went to the Keller s graphic class to ask him for entrance to the class. Nevertheless, Ernst Keller had a full class and threw him out. M ller was relentless and went to the school every day, and finally Keller allowed him to the course. The young student was delighted at the studies. He was interested in studies of painting, sculpture and design, anatomy, experiments in perpective, and studies of typography. In spite of that he was still unsure about his future direction. At the age of twenty M ller deemed advisable to establish himself, he would need to find a future work. At this time he replied to an offer to work as a designer for Mauser Seeds Ltd. to create a series of shop windows decorations. Josef M ller was convinced that his teachers Ernst Keller and Alfred Willimann strongly influenced him. In the era of World War II Josef M ller continued to work on the projects in Zurich, although he was a member of army. Because of the Switzerland position and its neutrality he was relatively calm. However, influenced by the anxienty about Naciz, influenced by the Swiss population isolated from the rest of the world he began to investigate his work in depth and sought of merits of the case. During this period M ller met the violinist Verena Brock mann, his future wife. Together with her father, Professor Dr. Heinrich Brockmann Jerosch and architect Johann Albert Freytag, he found a system of form and function. The products of graphic design are compromise between form and function, consequently analogous to architecture. The form would follows the function. So graphic design did not have only function to inform but also an education mission to cultivate an everyday life of person. During this period Josef married with Verena, he changed his name to M ller Brockmann. On 8 May 1945, M ller Brockmann, along with the rest of Europe, celebrated the end of war. (Purcell, 2006 : 51) Swiss designers reputedly confused graphic design and advertisement. Despite of the visual communication is closely associated with advertisement. Graphic design and advertisement are components of general questions for common visual communication. In the post war period M ller Brockmann focused on visual identity. For the first time he used advertisement for propagation of Hermes typewriter. Josef M ller Brockmann worked for Hermes for six years. The work for Hermes was influenced by surreal aesthetics as most of his work from this period for example Die Kleine Freiheit (small Munich theatre). As a young person I had no clear perception of my future I only knew that my professional career depended on my energy, self criticism, discipline, and permanent desire to learn. Josef Muller Brockmann (Purcell, 2006 : 11) Afterwards he switched the direction of his work and began to think about constructivism and international language. Nevertheless, instead of abstraction M ller Brockmann used to work with simplicity, geometric forms and to create a harmony of space similar to music. This harmony between art and music he firstly used in commission for the poster for concert of Johann Sebastian Bach in 1950. The same principle was consequently used for Zurich Tonhalle posters. (fig. 23, 25). This transitional style abstract shape or drawn illustration still evoked his influences than the international Swiss style. M ller Brockmann continued with work for Zurich Concert Hall for more than twenty five years. He has modernized his style in 1953 for exhibition poster titled Das Plakat (fig. 24). The commission consists of six posters, each one was a single letter of the exhibition title P , L , A , K , A , T . Each letter was given to different designers such as Hans Falk, Adolf Fl ckiger, and Celestino Piatti. M ller Brockmann made T , he underlined his illustration by using light. The title of the exhibition is in Akzidenz Grotesk typeface, placed in the highlited T. He used capital letters for both words of Das Plakat. Information about the opening times and dates are vertically down the main stroke. M ller Brockmann did not use only illustrations but he exposed these two images (illustrations) in the darkroom, photo its and retouched the protography. In 1952 he designed public signage for the Swiss Automobile Club Accidens Gauge. This Accident Gauge was installed on the Paradeplatz in Zurich, where it warned of the hazards of driving by presenting a numerical summary that highlighted each week s total automobile related accidents and deaths. It was designed and constructed in an abstract three dimensional designs influenced by Russian Constructivistics in the 1920s. (Eskilson S. J. , 2007 : 303) M ller Brockmann made also an excelent use of Akzidenz Grotesk. This typeface is actually appropriate for this kind of advertisement the numerical statistics without emotions. Josef M ller Brockmann also collaborated with Automobile club of Switzerland for a poster design that would refer to padestrians, cyclists and drivers in one traffic (fig. 18, 21). These posters have wonderful use of perspective, the yellow road urge the situation figured at the poster it made it effective. Brockmann worked with E. A. Heiniger on most of the Automob ile Club of Switzerland posters. M ller Brockmann continued to create unconventional designs for them for several years. M ller Brockmann s geniuses grew in and through the years he became a modernist. For the Zurich Concert Hall posters he used all lowercase for the text and geometric abstract forms instead of the illustrations. Beethoven poster (fig.26) for the Zurich Tonhalle represents the epitome of the Swiss style: curves and asymmetry. By the 1950s, he was established as the leading practitioner and theorist of the Swiss Style, which sought a universal graphic expression through a grid-based design purged of extraneous illustration and subjective feeling. His Musica viva (fig. 20, 27) poster series for the Zurich Tonhalle drew on the language of Constructivism to create a visual correlative to the structural harmonies of the music. In 1960 M ller Brockmann designed a typographic poster for exhibition at the Zurich Kunstgewerbemuseum, der Film (fig. 28). It is perharps one of his most celebrated designs. The poster type and space communicate in an inventive and original manner. The grid system is used by typographer, graphic designer, photographer and exhibition designer for solving visual problems in two and three dimensions. (Brockmann, 2001 : 13)34 swiss style One important part of the Swiss Style is its remarkable use of photography. Following the modernist ideas in which photography was a much better tool to portray reality than drawings and illustrations, the Neue grafik magazine, a very important Swiss graphic design publication at the time, dedicated a big part of its content to photography and its application in design. tem. The grid system allowed him to organize his subject matter to create more effective design, not to be overwhelmed by the seeming chaos and complexity of design decisions. The predecessor of this system was Piet Mondrian, the grid is often recognized in his paintings. His compositions are composed of horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular planes. According to M ller Brockmann the grid system is about structure and mathematical thinking. This is the expression of a professional ethos: the designer s work should have the clearly intelligible, objective, functional and aesthetics quality of mathematical thinking. (Brockmann, 2001 : 10) M ller Brockmann was a professor of graphic design at the Kunstgewerbeschule, Zurich from 1957 to 1960. Later he was a design consultant to IBM Europe from 1967 1988. He published various books about his work and won a lot of awards. He is the author of The Graphic Artist and his Design Problems (1961), History of Visual Communication (1981) or A History of the Poster. He also founded the Muller-Brockmann Co advertising agency in 1967, lasting until 1984. The new typography The New Typography came about as a reaction to the communication credos of Modernism which called for designs to be timeless minimal and geometric. The first principles of the New Typography appeared in Merz magazine in 1923. El Lissitzky promoted there more dynamic typography. In his work El Lissitzky pioneered a new approach to typographic art which had a huge impact upon graphic design. Lasl Moholo Nagy supported in addition typophoto, phototext too. At the same time as typophoto, Moholo Nagy introduced the idea of the photograph not only as illustration but, alternatively, as phototext , replacing words, as an unambiguous form of representation, which in its objectivity (Sachlichkeit) leaves no room for personal accidental interpretation. (Hollis, 2006 : 40) In both Lissitzky and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy we see emphasis placed upon the element of expression the expression of content through form. In contrast, Jan Tschichold was more concerned with order and organization. He used sans serif type, asymmetric compositions, the benefits of white space and the limiting of typefaces. Tschichold in his book, earlier mentioned, Die neue Typographie (The New Typography) formulated the basics of these rules and modern visual communication, influenced by functional trend of Bauhaus. Many of these principles of the New Typography are explained in this book. He introduced a theoretical look at typography devoid of concerns for printing practicality. These principles were also presented at the exhibitions in Switzerland, where it came to subconsciousness of audience. It was Tschichold who acted as a guide to a typographic practise which followed the demand for a new unity of art and technology. (Hollis, 2006 : 38) Tschichold advertised in his book a new sans-serif typeface as Akzidenz Grotesk (now known as Helvetica). Tschichold reiterates that clarity is the highest goal and Akzidenz Grot esk has this clarity. This typeface became the 39 swiss style most common for the New Typography and later for Swiss graphic design and the International Style. In fact, when Jan Tschichold wrote Die neue Typographie, he ignored any use of non sans-serif typefaces. With this philosophy, graphic designers were aiming the clarity, simplicity and universality. The Swiss Style advocates that the typeface does not have to be expressive in itself, it must be an unobtrusive instrument of expression. Helvetica was created in 1953 by Miedinger with Eduard Hoffmann at the Haas sche Schriftgiesserei (Haas type foundry) of M nchenstein, Switzerland. Haas designed a new sans-serif typeface that could compete with Akzidenz Grotesk in the Swiss market. Originally called Neue Haas Grotesk, the typefaces name was changed by Haas German parent company Stempel in 1960 to Helvetica derived from Confederatio Helvetica, the Latin name for Switzerland in order to make it more marketable internationally. Helvetica became the most widely used sans-serif typefaces ever. Akzidenz Grotesk was performed by Max Bill and Josef M ller Brockmann throughout their careers. Designer Paul Renner, while designing his typeface Futura, relied heavily on precise drafting tools such as the compass, T-square and the triangle. This allowed Renner to escape the traditional methods of type design in favor of the rigidity of mechanical constructions. Geometrical Futura was the next popular choice for graphic designers. The Swiss typographer Adrian Frutiger was one of the most prominent typeface designers ever mainly because of his famous typeface Univers. He studied calligraphy at the Z rich Kunstgewerbeschule. His interest in sculpture helped construct his style as

Impacts of Terrorism on Sporting Events

Impacts of Terrorism on Sporting Events Examining the Impacts of Terrorism on Sporting Events: Focusing on the FIFA World Cup. Terrorism is now, more than ever, a prevalent subject within media discourse. The impact of threats of terrorism, be they perceived or realised, is one that should not be underestimated. While the threat of terror attacks is one that we see on a regular basis, the fact that large scale events such as the FIFA World Cup draw thousands of spectators to one confined area (i.e. a football stadium, and the location surrounding the stadium) means that terror attacks and the threat thereof should be addressed as part of the risk assessment for the event. The events industry, focusing particularly on sports tourism, have been affected by the global concern surrounding terrorism. Hinch and Higham (2001) recognise that sport in general, be that on a local or a global level, has a huge influence on the numbers of tourists that are attracted to a particular area. Sport is a massive, multi-billion-pound industry, and the tourism that it encompasses makes a significant contribution to the revenue it creates. There are a number of facets to sport tourism that make it what it is. There are three prominent markers of this particular aspect of tourism, which include outdoor sports, fitness activities, and major events (Hall, 1992). If we consider one of those criteria – major events – then this study will focus on the FIFA World Cup, and will explore how the World Cup has been affected by terrorism. Since the 2001 terror attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Centre, major events have been directly affected by the threat of terror attacks. Sports tourists no longer feel as safe as they did travelling to destinations for major sporting events, as the risk of attack is perceived as being much greater. These fears are exacerbated by the fact that tourists are in enclosed spaces for the duration of the sporting event, with means of escape being difficult to navigate and police in large crowds. Since the late 1900’s sports tourism has seen a surge in popularity unrivalled by other large scale events (Standeven and DeKnopp, 1999). Sport tourists are known to spend a significant amount of their income on travelling to destinations in order to watch their favourite team or sportsperson perform. We can define sports tourism as â€Å"‘sport-based travel away from the home environment for a limited time, where sport is characterised by unique rule sets, competition related to physical prowess, and a playful nature† (Hinch and Higham, 2001, p.56). This can be directly attributed to the FIFA World Cup, as teams of players will take part in a match with defined rules, are athletic by their very nature, and if we break football down to a basic level, the players are playing a game. So, as discussed one of the criteria that makes up sports tourism is ‘major events’. This title can be attributed to the likes of the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics. We can see how the act of putting on such a large-scale event has benefits for both the fans of the particular sport in question (in this instance the FIFA World Cup) and also the country in which the event is to be based. The fans are afforded the opportunity to witness their favourite sports team in action, while the revenue produced through their tourism contributes greatly to the area in which the event is to take place. During the FIFA World Cup that took place in South Korea in 2002, the then-president of South Korea is quoted as stating that the event was ‘a chance for us to make the country prosper diplomatically, economically and culturally, in sectors like tourism and science’ (McCormack, 2002, p.39), ‘us’ in this instance being South Korea. As there is a significant return made when compared to the actual investment involved in the planning, launching, and running of such an event, many destinations who are able to host events such as the FIFA World Cup vie for the opportunity to do so, as they are all too aware of the benefits they will be rewarded with in exchange for their investment (Kelly, 2000). Although we have seen significant growth in terms of sports-related tourism (which may be due to the advancement of travel networks, and the ability to now travel to events for a smaller financial outlay), the notion of sports tourism is still a fairly new construct. With this in mind, consideration by organisers must be made towards how terrorism can have negative effects on sports tourism. Sport is a global phenomenon, which means that global incidents, such as acts of terrorism, have a direct effect on the industry. Terrorism is a difficult term to describe. In fact, the US Department of State (2001) has argued that there is no universally accepted definition of what terrorism actually is. There are a significant number of variables that can affect how people perceive an act of terrorism, and indeed whether they actually see an act as one of terrorism at all. Ganor (2001) argues that in order for terrorism to be fought back against, then a specific definition should be in place that sets out exactly what an act of aggression (or otherwise) should constitute in order for it to be labelled as ‘terrorism’. This inability to agree on what constitutes terrorism has led to several difficulties. Governments are unable to create laws around terrorism because they can’t agree on what terrorism is (Whitaker, 2001), and also opposing terrorism, in certain circumstances, could be construed as an act of terrorism in of itself. Freedman (2002) attempts to remedy the situation of disagreement regarding what is and isn’t terrorism by stating what those attempting to define it do agree on. These factors include: Terrorism is carried out in a purposeful manner (i.e. specific targeting).Terrorism is inclusive of acts of violence, which vary in their extremity.Terrorism has some form of political motivation.Victims of terror are not ‘pre-selected’ (i.e. victims of suicide bombers for example)The act of terror is intended to affect people, bodies or movements outside of the direct victims of the attack (i.e. coercion of a government to act in a certain way as a result of the attack). Most of the discourse surrounding violence within the sporting industry has been directed towards the violent conduct of spectators of a specific sport. Football fans in particular have found themselves the subject of much conjecture regarding the causes of sports violence, and this has been the case since the 1960s and 70s. There has, however, been an underwhelming degree of investigation into the effect of terrorism on sports tourism (Atkinson et al, 2000, p.54). Wedermeyer (1999, p.218) supports this assertion in stating that ‘specialist literature on the relationship between sport and terrorism is rare’. This is in contradiction to the fact that major sporting events are in no way insusceptible to terrorist attacks, a point which is highlighted by the fact that in December 2016, a series of car bombs was detonated outside the stadium of Turkish football team, Besiktas, injuring many in the process, the majority of whom were completely innocent civilians. Atkinson and Young (2000, p.54) further their point by saying that although, on the face of it, sports may not seem to be linked to acts perpetrated by terrorist organisations, there is no escaping the fact that major events in the sporting world may become the target for terrorist attack. These acts of terrorism may not only be directed towards the spectators at a major sporting event, but also those who partake in the events themselves (i.e. the athletes), or even the large corporations who have put funds towards sponsorship of the event. They are, in essence, saying that everyone associated with the event is a potential target for terrorism. If we consider the FIFA World Cup, then this is quite obvious a major event, with a huge amount of prestige attached to it. As a result, it makes sense that we can consider the FIFA World Cup, in the contemporary climate in particular, to be at risk of a terrorist attack. We have seen historical instances of major sporting events attracting the attention of terrorist groups. Perhaps one that will be forever remembered is the 1972 Olympic Games, which took place in Munich. A militant terrorist organisation known as ‘Black September’ stormed the grounds of the Olympic residents accommodation and attacked the Israeli team’s hospitality area. In doing so, they murdered one Israeli sports coach in cold blood, and took ten hostages. The attempts to save the hostages failed tremendously, and they all died as a result of the failed attempt, as did a number of the Palestinian terrorists involved in the coup, and several police officials. More recently, during the Olympic games which took place in Atlanta in 2002, several individuals died either as a direct result, or indirect result, of a concealed bomb which was hidden in a backpack in the spectator area of the stadium. Many were injured in the attack, while one of the spectators died as a result of the blast. We have seen how World Cup Football has contributed to violence in the past, and sometimes on a serious and larger scale than ‘mere’ hooliganism. In 1969, two countries, Honduras and El Salvador, ended up declaring war on one another after they came head-to-head in a pre-tournament qualifying match. Because friction between the two countries was already high, this translated directly to the football field, and as a result the spectators clashed violently with eachother. This escalated and the two countries entered into a war in July of that year. Whilst this may not be seen as a direct act of terrorism, it does serve to illustrate how violence is present in World Cup football, or any kind of football for that matter. However, this kind of violence can be seen as politically motivated. Two separate sets of fans are brought together, from separate countries, between which tensions may be running high. The emotion of the event, and the patriotism felt for each sets of fans’ own countries, by the fans themselves, could potentially lead to an act of terrorism taking place. As mentioned earlier, sport is a truly global phenomenon. So, it goes without saying that globalisation will have an effect on sports related-violence. We have seen how global travel has become much more accessible to those who previously were unable to make journeys to far-away destinations due to the financial implications of doing so. However, we briefly touched upon how football hooliganism has been an issue in sports events since the 70s. Inexpensive holiday deals, and even travel deals tailored specifically towards the sports tourist, have been prolific for the past 30 years, and so it makes sense to make the link between sports tourism and sports violence. Working class males have been given access to the deals mentioned above, which means that they can travel to destinations for a comparatively nominal fee. It shouldn’t be viewed as entirely coincidental that where these travel opportunities are made available, and are combined with cheap alcohol, that sports violence (particularly hooliganism, which is often associated with working class males) would increase and become more of a threat in the time leading up to a major sporting event. Taylor (2002, p.27) supports this assertion. He states that ‘For many (especially) ‘working class’ young men, it was football that first initiated them into ‘foreign’ travel’. To return to World Cup Football and acts of terrorism, we saw that there was a great deal of concern surrounding the safety of spectators and participants of the 2002 South Korean FIFA World Cup. As stated earlier, this was as a direct result of the atrocities that took place during the 9/11 terror attacks in America. Nevertheless, all the authorities involved decided that this major event should go ahead unhindered. This may well have simply been down to the fact that the revenue generated by the tournament would have been undeniably beneficial to South Korea. Indeed, as quoted earlier, the South Korean President, Kim Dae-Jung, stated himself exactly how beneficial it would be for their country, bringing in hundreds of thousands of tourists from across the globe. Bibliography Atkinson, Michael and Young, Kevin. 2002. Terror Games: Media treatment of security issues at the 2002 Winter Olympic Games. Olympika: the International Journal of Olympic Studies 9; 53-78. Ganor, Boaz. 2001. Terrorism: No Prohibition Without Definition.7 October. http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=393. 14 April 2003. Hall, C. Michael. 1992 Hallmark Events: The Impacts, Management, and Planning of Event Tourism, Belhaven Press: New York. Hinch, Tom and Higham, James. 2001. Sport Tourism: A Framework for Research. The International Journal of Tourism Research. 3(1); 45-58. Kelly, J. 2000. Looking to sports for development dollars. American City & Country. 115(14); 20. McCormack, Gavan. 2002. Things more important than football? Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup. In Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup eds John Horne, J. and Wolfram Manzenreiter. pp 29-42. London: Routledge. Standeven, Joy and DeKnop, Paul. 1999. Sport Tourism, Human Kinetics: Champaign, Illinois. Taylor, Rogan. 2002. World Cup fans: hooligans or tourists. In Proceedings of the Korean Academic Society of Tourism Management International Conference for the Success of the 2002 World Cup., pp. 22-35. Seoul. 18 January. United States, Dept. of State. 2001. Patterns of Global Terrorism. Washington: Dept. of State: vi. http://www.history.navy.mil/library/guides/terrorism.htm#definition. 14 April 2003. Wedermeyer, B. 1999. Sport and terrorism. In The international politics of sport in the 20th century eds. Jim Riodan and Arnd Krà ¼ger. pp. 217- 231. New York: Routledge. Whitaker, Brian. 2001. The definition of terrorism. The Guardian. 7 May. http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,487098,00.html

Servant Leadership vs the Common Core Essay -- Servant Leadership

If one wanted to look at a prime example of the practice of Servant Leadership, a person doesn’t have to look very far. It is found in every school in the form of teachers and educators. But recently implemented reforms like the Common Core have stymied teachers in their role of servant leaders. Servant Leadership is defined as a leadership that is based on serving others altruistically. Servant leaders put the wellbeing of their followers ahead of their own needs in order to see them grow to their fullest potential. The leader makes sure that their followers grow as persons, become wiser, healthier, freer, and more likely to become servant leaders themselves (Northouse, 2013). Behaviors that are at the core of Servant Leadership are integral to the teaching occupation. Being able to conceptualize allows a teacher to address problems creatively, which is necessary in teaching students of differing cultures, intellectual abilities and emotional maturity levels. Emotional healing speaks for itself; teachers, by nature of their job, have to be available for their students and provide them with support. Teachers do put their students first, often spending their own money (not their district’s money) on supplies that many students wouldn’t be able to have otherwise. Helping students grow and succeed is one of the core goals to teaching and ethical behavior is taught by teachers being an example of how to behave. Empowerment builds confidence for students to think and act on their own and by doing all of these things, teachers give back to the community when the students join the community as young adults, and as they become leaders themselves. Bu t in order to be able to perform all of these behaviors, teachers have to have th... ...ls. While there are many proponents and critics of the Common Core based on educational standards alone, from a leadership standpoint, the Common Core is detrimental. References Frequenty Asked Questions. (2014). Retrieved from Common Core State Standard Initiatives: http://www.corestandards.org/about-the-standards/frequently-asked-questions/ Minasian-Sommers, L. (2014, June 1). Common Core will harm education. Telegram & Gazette, p. A 13. Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Strauss, V. (2014, January 18). Everything you need to know about Common Core — Ravitch. Retrieved from The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2014/01/18/everything-you-need-to-know-about-common-core-ravitch/ Townsend, S. (2014, January 30). Common Core is too rigid. Times Union.

Hannibal :: essays research papers

- North American moviegoers were hungry for Hannibal the Cannibal at the weekend. "Hannibal," a thriller starring Sir Anthony Hopkins in a long-awaited follow-up to the 1991 hit "The Silence of the Lambs," grossed a record-breaking $58 million in its first three days of release in the United States and Canada, according to studio estimates issued on Sunday. If the numbers hold when final data are issued on Monday, "Hannibal" will replace 2000's "Mission: Impossible II" ($57.9 million) as the third-highest bow in movie history, after 1997's "The Lost World: Jurassic Park" ($72 million) and 1999's "Star Wars: Episode One -- The Phantom Menace" ($64.8 million). It also set new records for a non-summer opening, an R-rated release and for a release by domestic distributor Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. "I must confess I expected it to be big, but not this big," "Hannibal" producer Dino De Laurentiis told Reuters from Berlin. Indeed most industry expectations were in the $35 million- $40 million range. MGM distribution president Larry Gleason said he had hoped to surpass the $42 million bow of the 2000 horror spoof "Scary Movie," which held the record for an R-rated release. AUDIENCE LOVES THE VILLAIN The film stars Hopkins as elegant cannibal Hannibal Lecter. When he's not disemboweling or dining on his hapless victims, he engages in a transatlantic cat-and-mouse game with FBI agent Clarice Starling, played by Julianne Moore. Jodie Foster played Starling in "Lambs," but opted not to return, reportedly because of the new film's violence. Ridley Scott ("Gladiator") directed. The original was directed by Jonathan Demme. De Laurentiis, in Berlin for the film's screening on Sunday night at the German capital's annual film festival, said audiences have conferred hero status on Hannibal Lecter. "When he's forced to kill, he kills somebody the audience wants to kill too," he said. "'Hannibal' is a picture in its own. It's a picture that will be remembered forever." He said Hopkins, who received a $10 million-plus salary for "Hannibal," had asked to be in a sequel. This was confirmed by MGM's Gleason. Whereas "Silence" and "Hannibal" were based on novels by Thomas Harris, the new project would probably bypass the book stage and go straight to script, Gleason said. As for the violent scenes, both De Laurentiis and Gleason noted that they were staged in an understated way with irony and humor. "It's playing much more fun than violent, in a weird way," Gleason said. "There's a lot of nervous laughter (among the audience).

The Rehabilitation Nursing Environment Health And Social Care Essay

Stroke is a heterogenous syndrome caused by multiple mechanisms that result in a break of normal intellectual blood flow. Harmonizing to Kockrow and Christensen, ischemic in-between intellectual arteria shot is an unnatural status of the blood vass in the encephalon, characterised by bleeding into the encephalon of the formation of an embolus or thrombus that occludes the in-between intellectual arteria, ensuing in ischemia of the encephalon tissue usually perfused by the damaged cells. The in-between intellectual arteria supplies the largest volume of the cerebral hemisphere, including the basal ganglia, the internal capsule, and the ocular radiations from the thalamus ( Mitchell & A ; Moore 2004 ) . The disrupted blood flow in the MCA causes intellectual disfunction. Cerebral blood flow has an autoregulatory mechanism that protects against hypoxia and low perfusion ( Johnson 2012 ) . When intellectual blood flow the lessenings, the autoregulatory mechanism tries to counterbalance b y increasing the blood force per unit area and bring oning vasodilation ( Johnson 2012 ) . If the blood flow falls below a critical degree, intellectual blood volume is reduced and infarction occurs. Johnson ( 2012 ) explains that the deficiency of foods usually received from oxygenated blood and the harm which is caused by sudden hemorrhage into or around the encephalon lead to cell decease. Cerebral ischaemia initiates a figure of damaging cellular events enduring which consequence in extended cell decease and tissue harm beyond the country originally affected by the deficiency of blood flow ( Kockrow & A ; Christensen 2011 ) .Tissue plasminogen activator is a serine peptidase which converts plasminogen to plasmin, a fibrinolytic enzyme ( McElveen & A ; Macko 2009 ) . Upon disposal, recombinant TPA increases plasmin enzymatic activity, ensuing in fibrinolysis ( Harvey 2009 ) . It is used to handle the shot in the acute phase to reconstruct flow to the ischaemic country. In ischemi c stroke the dead or deceasing cells are surrounded by the penumbra-an country of cells at hazard of or enduring ischemia as explained by Harvey ( 2009 ) . Cells busying the penumbra are ill perfused and as a consequence become progressively ischemic ( Mitchell & A ; Moore 2004 ) . Circulation can be improved when TPA is administered within 3 hours in an acute ischemic shot ( Elkind 2009 ) . This will besides assist to understate decease cells in the penumbra. Collins ( 2007 ) states that the usage of TPA halts the shot by fade outing the coagulum that is barricading blood flow to the encephalon. When suitably administered to patients who fall within narrow clinical guidelines, TPA can restrict the extent of encephalon hurt and better results after shot ( Johnson 2012 ) .Describe the functions of four members of the multidisciplinary squad ( other than nursing ) who will care for Mrs Carroll.The function of the squad is to supply holistic attention which realistically develops of im port ends for Mrs Carroll and her household, whilst testing for shot complications and trouble-shooting as jobs nowadayss.Address DiagnosticiansThe address healers have established function for measuring swallow map every bit good as address ( Lindley 2008 ) . Regular address therapy can better the result after shot. Therapy begins without hold after a shot ( ideally the following on the job twenty-four hours ) and involves Sessionss of 1-2 hours per twenty-four hours as explained by Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009. The address healers are concerned with assessing, naming and handling communicating upsets, such as formation and perceptual experience of address, the ability to joint words and to understand and originate address ( Freeman 1998 ) . The address healer will help Mrs Carroll to re learn communicating accomplishments. The address diagnostician will besides intercede closely with the nurse, dietician and household to accomplish safe swallowing schemes for Mrs Carrol l.Physical therapistsThe physical therapists will measure Mrs Carroll physical capablenesss and restrictions in a collaborative procedure ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . The physical therapist administers therapies designed to rectify or understate malformation, addition strength and mobility or relieve uncomfortableness or hurting ( William, Perry & A ; Watkins 2010 ) . Stroke rehabilitation comprises of exercising intercession, to understate the effects of the encephalon cell harm and optimise re-learning as stated by Lindley ( 2008 ) . William, Perry & A ; Watkins ( 2010 ) explain that the interventions include the usage of specific exercisings, heat, cold, aqua therapy and electro physical therapy. The function of the physical therapist besides involves educating Mrs Carroll and her household in right methods of placement, reassigning and call uping to help with the discharge.Occupational healersThe occupational healers aim is to help Mrs Carroll to be independent in executing activities of day-to-day life ( Lindley 2008 ) . Freeman ( 1998 ) explains that the occupational healers will find Mrs Carroll ‘s ability to execute basic activities of life such as lavation, dressing and feeding. Their function includes the appraisal of basic and more advanced functional activities ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . The occupational healer plants on specific undertakings in coaction with nursing staff and physical therapists ( William, Perry & A ; Watkins 2010 ) . This involves a period of appraisal including the ability to understand instructions followed by specific preparation in basic ADLS ( William, Perry & A ; Watkins 2010 ) . As Mrs Carroll has adequate motor recovery to keep sitting balance the occupational healer starts working on basic lavation ( e.g. rinsing the face, cleaning dentitions ) . As recovery returns, more complex undertakings can be assessed and practised such as showers transportations, acquiring on and off the lavatory. The occupational healers assess the demand for, and supply, adaptative devices to advance independency with bathing, eating and dressing. Home alterations are besides assessed by the occupational healers to guarantee that the place environment is safe and contributing to Mrs Carroll ‘s independency degree as elucidated by Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009.PsychologistsPsychologist has an of import function in assisting Mrs Carroll towards a successful recovery. Their expertness is peculiarly utile in measuring temper, depression and assisting Mrs Carroll through hard accommodation periods by pull offing her choler and other hurt ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . The psychologist is concerned with the causes, bar and intervention of the single societal jobs particularly in respect to interaction between Mrs Carroll and the physical and societal environment ( Lindley 2008 ) . The psychologists will help the rehabilitation squad with schemes to pull of f Mrs Carroll ‘s behavioral perturbations that impact on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours rehabilitation procedure ( Freeman 1998 ) .3. Describe the schemes that may assist active engagement of the patient and household in the rehabilitation plan.The active engagement of Mrs Carroll and her household has a important function to play after her shot. Their support will be of great comfort for Mrs Carroll and when the shot has caused major jobs, their aid in the recovery procedure is a cardinal portion of good shot attention ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . The household need to understand and be involved with the rehabilitative ends that Mrs Carroll has developed with the squad and the methods selected to run into these ends as explained by William, Perry & A ; Watkins ( 2010 ) . This can include acquiring the household members to reenforce peculiar preparation Sessionss and developing the household to pull off Mrs Carroll with a position to dispatch for i llustration learning techniques to reassign Mrs Carroll from bed to wheelchair or acquiring Mrs Carroll into a attention safely ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . This will enable them to experience that they are playing a critical function in rehabilitation. Family members need to understand that their greatest part may be to let Mrs Carroll to be every bit independent as possible ( Gillespie & A ; Campbell 2011 ) . Another scheme that will assist the active engagement of the household is household conference with the multidisciplinary squad and the physician where they will have specific information on the type of shot that affected Mrs Carroll and about her advancement as illustrated by Popovich, Fox, & A ; Bandagi ( 2007 ) . Working with Mrs Carroll and her household will assist Mrs Carroll to accomplish realistic ends in their shot journey. It is besides really of import to learn the household techniques to heighten safety and communicating ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . Family members can besides supply valuable information about Mrs Carroll ‘s usual life style. The household members can help in reorienting Mrs Carroll to the affected side and implementing safety safeguards. It is besides of import for the household to be cognizant of the shortages and intercessions appropriate for Mrs Carroll ( Lindley 2008 ) .4. Mrs Carroll ‘s defeat with motor activities and address make her angry. Discuss how choler may be used to ease effectual header and how rehabilitation nurses can enable patients to utilize their energy therapeutically.Nursing intercessions to ease emotional accommodation to stroke should include hearing, detering self-blame, promoting Mrs Carroll to verbalize her feelings, advancing independency, assisting Mrs Carroll reappraise her state of affairs, and show credence and acknowledgment of her advancement as highlighted by William, Perry & A ; Watkins ( 2010 ) .It is of import that early marks of uneffectiv e header to be detected so that patients at hazard for depression may be assessed and treated. The psychologist can besides help in supplying get bying schemes for nurse and speech healer to pull off Mrs Carroll ‘s defeat and choler ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009 ) . By back uping Mrs Carroll, instead than taking her, the nurse can assist her to gain her restrictions, consolidate loss and authorise her to be after for a hereafter that will be fulfilling to her.The construct of hope can be characterized by an unsure desire to accomplish ends that will let Mrs Carroll to set and travel end stations when transmutations occur as explained by Western ( 2007 ) . An achieved end or success against a nerve-racking experience creates an immediate sense of peace and good being and a generalized hope emerges for future successes harmonizing to Popovich, Fox, & A ; Bandagi ( 2007 ) . Hope is of import to recovery as it gives persons the motive and strength to accomplish their e nds ( Western 2007 ) . Empowerment so can be seen as a agency of assisting persons to recognize and accomplish their ends. Mrs Carroll becomes frustrated when she can non pass on, but alternatively of retreating from the conversation the nurse should promote her to do regular efforts to pass on with the squad and household. Hence her address will better daily and this will assist to accomplish her set ends ( ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009 ) .5. Describe the medicines that Mrs Carroll is taking and discourse the grounds for administrating these medicines in his current status. Why should a cholesterin lowing agent be considered for Mrs Carroll?MetforminHarmonizing to Tiziani ( 2010 ) , Mrs Carroll was prescribed Glucophage as she has a history of Type 2 diabetes. Metformin acts chiefly by diminishing the production of glucose in the liver as described by Bullock and Manias ( 2011 ) . It besides slows soaking up of glucose signifier the intestine, inhibits glucagon secernme nt and tissue glycolisis ( Lindley 2008 ) . This medicine is prescribed when the blood sugar degree can non be controlled with diet alone ( Lindley 2008 ) .Avapro HCTThis medicine is used to handle mild to chair high blood pressure explained by Tiziani ( 2010 ) . The combination of a thiazide water pill ( hydochlorothiazide ) and angiotensin receptor adversary produces a greater decrease in blood force per unit area ( Tiziani 2010 ) .Irbesartan blocks the potent vasoconstrictive and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotonin II by selective hostility of the angiotonin II receptors localized on vascular smooth musculus cells and in the adrenal cerebral mantle ( Bullock & A ; Manias 2011 ) . Hydrochlorothiazide increases plasma renin activity, increases aldosterone secernment, and decreases serum K. Coadministration of an angiotonin II receptor adversary tends to change by reversal the K loss associated with thiazide water pills ( Bullock & A ; Manias 2011 ) . This medicine will assi st to take down Mrs Carroll ‘s blood force per unit area.ClopridogrelThis medicine is used to forestall thromboembolic events, ischemic bosom disease and bar of shot ( Tiziani 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Bullock and Manias ( 2011 ) , it inhibits thrombocyte collection by irreversibly adhering to adenosine disphosphate thrombocyte receptor. Mrs Carroll has a past history of atrial fibrillation and she has a high hazard of shot from embolisation of cardiac thrombus ( Freeman 1998 ) . This medicine will cut down the hazard of holding a shot. Mrs Carroll ‘s LDL cholesterin degree is high and this increases the hazard of ischemic shot and bosom disease ( Lindley 2008 ) . A cholesterin take downing agent should be considered for Mrs Carroll to assist forestall farther vascular disease ( Mitchell & A ; Moore 2004 ) . William, Perry & A ; Watkins ( 2010 ) explain that the lower the blood cholesterin, the lower the subsequent hazard of ischemic shot and other thrombotic vascular disease. The cholesterin take downing agent has the ability to brace atheromatic plaque, cut down thrombogenicity every bit good as its consequence on dyslipidaemia ( Tiziani 2010 ) .6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of get downing Mrs Carroll on medicine to command her urinary incontinency?Harmonizing to Bullock and Manias ( 2011 ) , anticholinergics interfere with the parasympathetic excitations of the detrusor musculus by barricading the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, ensuing in fewer nonvoluntary contractions ( . One of the disadvantages of utilizing medicine to command her urinary incontinency is that it causes hazard of mental confusion ( Tiziani 2010 ) . Her cognitive operation has decreased since she had the autumn, hence this medicine will do it worse. Anticholinergics medicine additions hazard of terrible irregularity, Mrs Carroll suffers from irregularity already this medicine will increase the hazard of holding intestine obstructor. Furthermore, bladder preparation can better urinary incontinency and encouraging Mrs Carroll to utilize medicine will cut down her independency and motive ( Lindley 2008 ) . Mrs Carroll might experience embarrassed to go to therapy due to her urinary incontinency. Therefore she could decline therapy and this will non assist in the recovery procedure. Urinary incontinency may do clamber dislocation and roseola due to extra of wet in the genital-perineal country ( Borleis 2012 ) . This medicine will besides cut down the hazard of Mrs Carroll acquiring a urinary piece of land infection as she would non necessitate to travel to the lavatory more frequently. Furthermore, good continency attention plays a cardinal function in assisting to reconstruct Mrs Carroll self esteem and independency ( Freeman 1998 ) . The medicine will besides assist Mrs Carroll to come on with vesica preparation ( William, Perry & A ; Watkins ( 2010 ) .7. Mrs Carroll had a strong spiritual religion prior to her shot but has since refused to see the Priest or members of her church. What intercessions might you implement to assist her recover her religious well being?Mrs Carroll might b e embarrassed to run into her friends due to her status. First I would try to find the ground ( s ) for the hurt, and back up the Mrs Carroll to analyze her beliefs and values ( Tanyi 2006 ) . Supply research-based grounds to Mrs Carroll about the positive impacts of spiritualty on her wellness and operation ( Tanyi 2006 ) . Spending one on one clip with her and assist her to reflect back on her past religious well being might assist in cut downing her religious hurting.I would mention Mrs Carroll to a societal worker who may mention her farther to a psychologist ( Lindley 2008 ) . Her religious well being might non be straight related to her faith. Involve her in a speculation group with other patients who had stroke to assist her talk about her state of affairs. I would easy present one friend at a clip and see how she reacts to that. It is besides really of import to let Mrs Carroll to grief for the loss of what her life was and guarantee that she is cognizant that the nurse is a t that place to assist her. Pastoral attention services are inter-denominational and will be able to offer religious attention to Mrs Carroll ( Funnel, Koutoukidis & A ; Lawrence 2009 ) .8. How does the nurse utilise patient information obtained during admittance to help in the acknowledgment of discharge demands? What community resources would you see to assist Mrs Carroll and her hubby?A thorough nursing appraisal obtained during admittance enables the nurse to place existent and possible jobs of Mrs Carroll ( Fawcett & A ; Rhynas 2012 ) . Discharge planning is critical to advance good being and maximal recovery ( Freeman 1998 ) . On admittance, it was identified that Mr Carroll is really dependent on his married woman and that he is due for an operation in two hebdomads. Furthermore, they live in a two floor three sleeping rooms townhouse which will non be ideal for her when she come back from infirmary due to her limited mobility. To guarantee continuity of attention, the interd isciplinary procedure start on admittance by interceding with the societal worker, occupational healer, physical therapist and societal web as explained by Lindley ( 2008 ) . Mrs Carroll is active in the community and she besides has supportive friends within the Parish Community. The community can besides organize a support group for shot patients to run into other people from the community who understand what you have been through. A resource battalion can be developed for Mr Carroll supplying inside informations of community services and benefits available. On discharge, guarantee good links and information sharing between the infirmary and community squads, and between wellness and societal attention suppliers. Arrange chances for shot subsisters and households to run into cardinal community staff such as territory nurses and stroke affair nurses before discharge ( Gillespie & A ; Campbell 2011 ) .9. Mrs Carroll was an active member of his community but now has limited address. Describe any schemes you could utilize to help communicating and the discharge instruction you would supply to her hubby sing her communication with others in societal state of affairss.Communication troubles can significantly impact quality of life and cause hurt and defeat for households, friends and the patient ( Speech Pathology Services 2012 ) . A broad scope of schemes can back up communicating such as taking distractions when speaking to the patient as explained by Speech Pathology Services 2012. The usage of different sorts of communicating such as gesture, indicating or composing will assist to understand Mrs Carroll ( William, Perry & A ; Watkins 2010 ) . The nurse should explicate to Mr Carroll that it is really of import to talk in short sentences, easy and in a respectful tone with normal volume. When pass oning with Mrs Carroll, the individual should let excess clip to treat the information and repetition the message or state it in another manner ( Speech Pathology Ser vices 2012 ) . The usage of communicating devices will besides advance comprehension and apprehension ( Freeman 1998 ) . Communicating with his married woman could be really frustrating, it really of import for him to stay unagitated and patient. It is indispensable to supply accessible information for Mrs Carroll and her household on the peculiar type of address damage that Mrs Carroll has to heighten apprehension and assistance communicating ( William, Perry & A ; Watkins 2010 ) .10. Complete an admittance and discharge FIM for Mrs CarrollPlease see affiliated

Prejudice Intertextuality Essay

â€Å"Why does he hate me so much? Is it me personally or just what I am? † I have chosen to explore the idea of prejudice (judgments of a person based on race, gender, social class, and religion or group associations. ) These themes are evident in the short film ‘Chinese Whispers’ directed by Neil Paddington and Stuart McKenzie, and in three written texts ‘Noughts and Crosses’ by Malorie Blackman, ‘Patches Hide No Scars’ by Haree Williams and ‘On the Sidewalk Bleeding’ by Evan Hunter. â€Å"I used to comfort myself with the belief that it was only certain individuals and their peculiar notions that spoilt things for the rest of us.  But how many individuals does it take before it’s not the individuals who are prejudiced but society itself? † ‘Noughts and Crosses’ is a powerfully written, fictional novel about two teenagers Callum (a nought) and Sephy (a cross), who are stuck in a racist dystopia separated only by skin colour. In Malorie Blackman’s imaginative novel the characters are either a â€Å"black dagger bitch† or a â€Å"white blanker bastard. † Callum and Sephy are surrounded by a hierarchy, in which Noughts are considered second-class citizens and forbidden to be together. This disturbed society shows a racial prejudice in which interracial relationships are not allowed and there is favoritism towards the Crosses. â€Å"You’re a Nought and I’m a Cross and there’s nowhere for us to be, nowhere for us to go where we’d be left in peace†¦ That’s why I started crying. That’s why I couldn’t stop. For all the things we might’ve had and all the things we’re never going to have. † This example shows the desperation of Sephy as she realizes that because of the prejudices of her society she will never be allowed to be with Callum. This film relates back to events in the past in ‘our’ world with issues such as discrimination and the mistreatment of people of a particular race or religion. An example of this is the class-system in America. For many years African-Americans, (like Noughts), were judged by their skin colour and treated as inferior beings. Author Malorie Blackman used specific examples from events in the Black Civil Rights movement in the novel to add impact to her novel. An example used is the pioneering achievements of Robert Peary. Examples like these show that Noughts’ achievements are undervalued or ignored because they have white skin. I strongly believe it is important for children of today to be educated on issues like these to remove all racisim. ‘The Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ states â€Å"all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights†¦. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. This novel has made me believe in the importance of educating young people on events and issues, like genocide (eg the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, only 18 years ago, where an estimated 7 Tutsi citizens were brutally murdered every minute for 100 days! ) and racism, in order to prevent the future from becoming a place like in ‘Noughts and Crosses’. How are we to learn from the mistakes of mankind if we are never educated on them? â€Å"Dreams of living in a world with no more discrimination, no more prejudice, a fair police force, an equal justice system, equality of education, equality of life, a level playing field†¦ † His name is Andy. † This gang related short story â€Å"On the Sidewalk Bleeding† relates to the theme of prejudice by exploring the idea of lost identity through group association. At the exposition of this story, Andy (a member of the ‘Royal’ gang) is stabbed by a rival gang (‘The Guardians’) during a ‘rumble’. The plot then follows Andy’s thought path as he slowly bleeds to death. â€Å"The knife had not been plunged in hatred of Andy. The knife hated only the purple jacket. The jacket was as stupid meaningless thing that was robbing him of his life. † Andy wears a purple silk shirt, a symbol of his membership with the ‘Royals’. In his dying moments Andy comes to the realization that people don’t see him as Andy, a human being, but a member of the ‘Royals’. At the climax of the short story Andy uses his last strength to take off the jacket so that he can be Andy again. â€Å"I want to Andy. † Sadly, just after his death, Andy’s girlfriend Laura, finds Andy’s dead body and races off to find a police officer. The police officer sees the purple ‘Royal’ jacket next to Andy’s body, the officer then proceeds to say â€Å"A Royal, huh. † This shows that Andy’s efforts to remove himself from the gang have failed as the police officer judges him by the sight of the jacket. The police officer associates Andy as a part of the gang the ‘Royals’ and doesn’t see him as Andy, a sixteen year old boy. This short story by Evan Hunter has shown me how easily a person’s identity can be lost through association and how people can perceive you as a member of a group not an individual because of an item of clothing. â€Å"The world didn’t know he was Andy. † ‘Chinese Whispers’ directed by Stuart McKenzie and Neil Paddington also relates to racial prejudice or judgments based on race before actually meeting a person. The short film â€Å"Chinese Whispers† is based around Wellington teenager Vincent Chan’s struggle to fit in. Vincent confused by the two diverse aspects of his culture. At the beginning of the film Vincent lives in fear of encounters with xenophobic bogans who dislike and harass Vincent because he is Chinese. â€Å"Vincent is ashamed to be Chinese. † Vincent feels pressure to conform to the ‘social norm’ of his age group. He turns his back on his father’s cultural ways and instead joins Swan’s triad gang. Swan offers Vincent an illicit world of reward. Vincent sees this as an opportunity to stand up to xenophobic bogans but by joining the gang Vincent isolates himself from his family. Directors Neil Paddington and Stuart McKenzie use dark, blue lightening in many of the scenes in ‘Chinese Whispers’ to portray the sad, sinister world Vincent is being lured into. This is an effective visual feature because it stresses the consequences of Vincent’s decisions. An example of this is Vincent’s decision to conform to the Triad ways by taking illegal narcotics. Blue lighting is also used when Vincent’s father is sitting in a room lonely and longing for his distant son. This New Zealand film has made me more aware of the Chinese struggles in New Zealand. ‘Chinese Whispers’ has given me deep insight into the Chinese point of view and the pressures they withstand. It has shown me the importance of being accepting of minorities and their differences. Stuart McKenzie’s and Neil Paddington’s film has also shown me how important it is to end xenophobia and prejudices in order to help people like Vincent Chan to make better decisions to keep a balance between their culture and fitting in to society. All men are dangerous brutes, intruders, vagrants. † Haree William’s poem ‘Patches Hide No Scars’ refers to young Maoris, turning their back on the way of their ancestors preferring the â€Å"direction, discipline and orders† of gang life. This New Zealand poem has captured the sad truth about the loss of the Maori culture as the lost youths turn to gang membership in a search to add meaning to their lives. ‘Patches Hide No Scars’ relates to the idea of prejudice by describing the members of Maori gangs as one group, a whole, not a group of individuals. How do we prosecute those already punished? How do we fine those lost in the street of no direction? † Throughout this short text author Haree Williams continually uses words like ‘we’ and ‘those/them’, by doing this the gangs (‘those’) are separated from the rest of society (‘we’). By doing this Maori gangs distance from the rest of New Zealand is emphasized. This poem has raised questions to me: why do these youths find security in the rules and orders of gangs but not the rules and orders of regular jobs or life in the ‘normal’ society? And what is society doing to make the youngsters of the Maori race feel like they do not belong in society? By reading and viewing these texts, ‘Noughts and Crosses’, ‘Chinese Whispers’, â€Å"Patches Hide No Scars’ and ‘On the Sidewalk Bleeding’, I have learnt of the struggles and pressures many people, fictional or not, suffer through due to the prejudices of modern society. â€Å"And just like that, I’d been assessed and judged. Nurse Fashoda didn’t know the first thing about me but she’d taken one look at my face and now she reckoned she knew my whole life story. †